View source for Immune defense against intracellular bacteria and fungi

'' 'Defense against intracellular bacteria and fungi' '' may not always be effective.

* Some infectious agents may multiply in "phagosomes" by "[phagocytosis | phagocytosis]], which they induce, by multiplying in the" phagosomes "mechanism and escaping and multiplying directly in the cytoplasm.
** Among bacteria, let's name genera
*** '' [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Mycobacteria]], [[Listeriosis | Listeria]], [[Brucella]] '',
*** also some yeasts and fungi ('' [[Candidosis | Candida albicans]], [[Aspergillus]] '' etc.).

[[Macrophage]] uptake leads to the production of '' '[[interleukins | IL-12]]' '', which leads the differentiation of [[T-lymphocytes | T-lymphocytes]] precursors to the '' 'T <sub subtype > H1 </sub> '' '. These increase the activity of macrophages and their cytolytic mechanisms (induce the production of [[ROS | ROS and RNS]]) by [[interferons | IFN-γ;]] and TNF. Antibodies of the class '' '[[IgG]] <sub> 2 </sub>' '' also contribute to the activation of macrophages. These are synthesized by [[B-lymphocytes | plasma cells]] under the influence of other cytokines.
When microbes are able to penetrate into the cytoplasm of an infected cell ("Listeria"), "cytotoxic T-lymphocytes" act against them, which recognize complexes of peptide fragments of bacterial proteins with [[Main histocompatibility complex | HLA class I. ]] on the surface of the infected cell.

Individuals with phagocytosis disorders and cytotoxic T-cell defects are at increased risk for intracellular parasite infections.
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==Links==
===Similar articles===

*[[Immune defense against multicellular parasites]]
*[[Immune defense against extracellular bacteria]]

=== Source ===

* ws:https://www.wikiskripta.eu/w/Imunitn%C3%AD_obrana_proti_intracelul%C3%A1rn%C3%ADm_bakteri%C3%ADm_a_pl%C3%ADsn%C3%ADm

===Literature===

* HOŘEJŠÍ, Václav a Jiřina BARTŮŇKOVÁ. ''Základy imunologie. ''3. vydání. Praha : Triton, 2008. 280 s. <nowiki>ISBN 80-7254-686-4</nowiki>.

*
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[[Category:Immunology]] 
[[Category:Microbiology]]
[[Category:Infectious diseases]]