View source for Osteofascial spaces of the upper limb

'''Fascia''', or ''muscle bundle'', is a [[ligament ]]<nowiki/>surrounding a [[muscle]]. Fascia also covers entire groups of muscles and the surface of individual sections of the human body (''superficial fascia'').

'''The osteofascial''' (''intermuscular'') '''septum''' xtends from the superficial fascia to the periosteum of the [[bone]] separating the space (''spatium'') for a group of muscles.

'''The osteofascial space''' is closed by the skeleton, fascia and the respective osteofascial septa.

== Fascia of the upper extremity ==
=== Fascia deltoidea ===
The superficial thoracic fascia passes into the deltoid fascia at the front, and the dorsal superficial fascia at the back. Attached to the [[scapula|acromion]], [[clavicula|clavicula]] and [[scapula|spina scapulae]].

=== Fascia brachii ===
A continuation of the deltoid fascia on the arm. Connected to the [[humerus|humerus]] by the '''septum intermusculare brachii mediale et laterale''', which draw the superficial fascia into the longitudinal depressions '''sulcus bicipitalis medialis et lateralis'''. Attached to both epicondyles of the humerus.

=== Fascia axillaris ===
A continuation of the fascia brachii, the fascia passes over the ''plica axillaris anterior et posterior''. Taken together with the skin into the [[axilla|axila]] as ''plica axillaris''.

=== Fascia antebrachii ===
It continues to the surface of the forearm from the fascia brachii, attached to the dorsal border of the [[ulna|ulna]]. Sends to the [[radius|radius]] '''the anterior and posterior forearm septum'''. On the [[wrist]] it is reinforced dorsally in the ''retinaculum musculorum extensorum'', ventrally in the ''ligamentum carpi palmare'' (it merges with the deeper retinaculum musculorum flexorum'').

=== Fasciae manus ===
Palmarally and dorsally, they connect to the fascia antebrachii, ending at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joints.

Dorsally three layers of fascia:
* '''fascia dorsalis manus superficialis''' –attached to rad. edges of the 1st metacarpal and ulna. edges of the 5th metacarpal;
* '''fascia dorsalis manus intertendinea''' – connects the tendons on the back of the hand;
* '''fascia dorsalis manus interossea''' – connects the back. edges of metacarpals, covers mm. interossei.

Palmar two layers of fascia:

* '''fascia palmaris superficialis''' – attached to the rad. edges of the 1st metacarpal and ulna. edges of the 5th metacarpal, covers the thenar and hypothenar muscles, fused in the middle with the palmar aponeurosis;
* '''fascia palmaris interossea''' – connects the palm. metacarpal surfaces, from palms. side covers mm. interossei.

== Osteofascial spaces of the arm ==
The longitudinally running intermuscular septa '''sulcus bicipitalis medialis et lateralis''' together with the humerus and fascia brachii close '''the anterior and posterior osteofascial space of the arm''', containing the ventral and dorsal group of muscles of the arm. Between the ventral muscles of the arm and the lateral group of forearm muscles (beginning at the humerus), a '''septum''', arises at the distal end of the arm , which separates the lateral muscles of the forearm.

== Osteofascial spaces of the forearm ==
The attachment of the fascia antebrachii to the dorsal edge of the ulna creates an interface between the anterior and posterior osteofascial spaces, that is, between the ventral and dorsal groups of forearm muscles. '''The anterior and posterior forearm septum''', attached to the radius, separate the osteofascial space for the lateral group of muscles, i.e. lat. group of forearm muscles from the ventral and dorsal groups. A fibrous septum (''secondary septum''), along which [[n. medianus ]]runs, oseparates the more superficial and deeper layers of the ventral group of muscles of the forearm.

== Osteofascial spaces of the hand ==
'''Spatia intermetacarpalia''' (''spatia interossea'') are closed using individual metacarpals, fascia dorasalis manus interossea and fascia palmaris interossea. The space between the fascia palmaris interossea and fascia palmaris superficialis is divided into three by means of the '''radial''' (attaches from the radial edge of the palmar aponeurosis to the 3rd metacarpal) and '''ulnar''' (attaches from the ulnar edge of the palmar aponeurosis to the 5th metacarpus) '''osteofascial septum of the palm'''divided into three spaces: '''spatium palmare radiale''' (at the thumb), '''spatium palmare ulnare''' (at the little finger) and '''spatium palmare medium''' (middle part of palm). Spatium palmare radiale contains the thenar muscles, ends blindly proximally. Spatium palmare ulnare contains the hypothenar muscles, proximally it also ends blindly. Spatium palmare medium contains two layers of flexor tendons, vessels and nerves, proximally it connects with the ''[[canalis carpi]]''.

== Gallery ==
<gallery heights = "200">
File:Rez_axilla_petrovicky.jpg|Axillary incision
File:Rez_paze.jpg |Cross section of the arm
File:Rez_predlokti.jpg|Cross section of the forearm
File:Rez_ruka.jpg|Cross section of hand
</gallery>
== Links==
=== Related Articles ===
* [[Muscles of the upper limb]]
* [[Compartment syndrome]]
=== Resources ===
* {{Cite
| type = book
| surname1 = Čihák
| name1 = Radomír
| title = Anatomie I
| edition = 2
| place = Prague
| publisher = Grada
| year = 2001
| range = 516
| isbn = 978-80-7169-970-5
}}

[[Category:Anatomy]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Surgery]]