View source for Palatine tonsils

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[[File:Blausen 0861 Tonsils&Throat Anatomy2.png|thumb|Tonsils and Throat Diagram ]]
''Tonsilla palatina'' (palatine tonsil) is one of the important '''lymphatic organs''' that participate in the formation of the '''body's immunological barrier''' , especially by controlling food intake and inhaled air.

== Topography ==
It is stored in the fossa tonsillaris in the '''isthmus faucium''' between the '''arcus palatoglossus''' and '''arcus palatopharyngeus''' . In this recess it is attached by a fairly wide stem, but is free at the edges. Both the tonsilla and its peduncle are covered by a mucous membrane that passes over it from the '''fossa tonsillaris''' . With its lateral wall, it presses on the fibrous '''capsule tonsillae''' , the projections of which form a fibrous septa inside the tonsil. 

The space behind the capsule is filled with sparse connective tissue and forms the spatium peritonsillare , which communicates with [[Tongue|the tongue]], [[soft palate]] and prestyloid space. The '''pleura semilunaris''' is the point of transition of the arcus palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus and forms the cranial border of a small space called the '''fossa intratonsillaris'''. 

Often, the tonsil is divided by a fold ( '''plica tonsillaris''' ) into a cranial, looser part and a caudal, more firmly fixed '''hilus''' , where most of the vessels and nerves come, this is the place of vessel ligation during tonsillectomy.

== Surface ==
The mucosa is covered by a multi-layered squamous [[Epithelial Tissue|epithelium]]. Tonsil size depends on age (largest in puberty) and inflammatory changes. The overall shape is flattened with a furrowed surface that forms pits and depressions, continuing in depth as '''crypts''' (lacunae).

Under the epithelium of the tonsils, there is no  [[basement membrane]], which is why [[Lymphocyte|lymphocytes]] can pass freely up to the [[mucous membrane]].

If a fibrous transformation occurs (e.g. [[Angina|due to repeated angina]]), the formation of tonsillar studs inside the crypts occurs as a result of insufficient physiological massage by swallowing. These arise due to insufficient removal of epithelial cell remnants, food and dead lymphocytes. Persistent bacterial colonization of the crypts (e.g. β-hemolytic [[Streptococcus|streptococci]]) is also involved in the formation of pins.

== Stroma ==
Made up of '''reticular (fibrous) epithelium''' , the stellate-shaped epithelial cells are permeated by lymphocytes. '''Follicles''' consist mainly of [[B - Lymphocytes|B–lymphocytes]], in the middle there are lighter '''germinal centers''' with blast immune cells.
[[File:Throat with Tonsils 0011J.jpeg|thumb|A view of the tonsils]]
''The palatine tonsil'' may fuse with the ''[[Tonsilla lingualis (SFLT)|lingual tonsil]]''. It belongs to one of the tonsils of Waldeyer's lymphoepithelial circuit.

== Vessels ==
;Arteries
:The arteries supplying the tonsils are:
:* ascending pharyngeal artery,
:* ascending palatine artery,
:* lingual artery,
:* arteriae palatinae minores.

;Veins
:: They drain blood to the plexus tonsillaris and vena palatine externa.

;Lymphatic vessels
:The palatine tonsil does not have its own supply [[General anatomy of the lymphatic system|lymphatic vessels]], drain vessels lead the lymph through the [[Lymph node|nodus lymphaticus]] tonsillaris and then to the nodi lymphatici jugulares interni.

== Nerves ==
;Sensitive innervation
:* [[Cranial nerves|glossopharyngeal nerve]],
:* [[Trigeminal nerve|maxillary nerve]].

;Sympathetic innervation
:* tonsillar plexus,
:* facial plexus. 
<noinclude>

== Links ==
=== Related Articles ===
* [[Chronic tonsillitis]]
* [[Angina]]
* [[Tonsillectomy]]

=== Source ===
* {{Cite
| type = book
| isbn = 9788073875435
| surname1 = Šedý
| name1 = Jiří
| title = Kompendium stomatologie I
| edition = 1
| location = Praha
| publisher = Triton
| year = 2012
| range = 1200
}}
* {{Cite
| type = book
| isbn = 80-7262-302-8
| surname1 = Grim
| name1 = Miloš
| surname2 = Druga
| name2 = Rastislav
| others = ano
| title = Základy anatomie 3
| subtitle = Trávicí, dýchací, močopohlavní a endokrinní systém
| edition = 1
| location = Praha
| publisher = Galén
| year = 2005
| range = 163
}}
* {{Cite
| type = book
| isbn = 80-247-1132-X
| surname1 = Čihák
| name1 = Radomír
| surname2 = Grim
| name2 = Miloš
| title = Anatomie 3
| edition = 2., upr. a dopl
| location = Praha
| publisher = Grada
| year = 2004
| range = 673
| volume = 3
}}
* {{Cite
| type = book
| isbn = 80-247-0143-X
| surname1 = Čihák
| name1 = Radomír
| surname2 = Grim
| name2 = Miloš
| title = Anatomie
| edition = 2. upr. a dopl
| location = Praha
| publisher = Grada
| year = 2002
| range = 488
| volume = 2
}}
</noinclude>
[[Category:Anatomy]]
[[Category:Histology]]
[[Category:Histology practicum (1.LF UK)]]
[[Category:Otorhinolaryngology]]