View source for Portal:Questions for Final Examination in Physiology (1LF, GM)

==The cell==

#[[The cell (cell membrane, nucleus, organelles, function)]]
#[[Cell membrane]]
#[[Transport across cell membranes]]
#[[Ion channels]]
#[[The ionic basis of the resting potential]]
#[[Action Potential|Ionic currents underlying the action potential]]
#[[Neuromuscular transmission]]
#[[Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle]]
#[[Contraction in skeletal muscle]]
#[[Contraction in smooth muscle]]
#[[Cytoskeleton]]
#[[Sensory transduction]]
#[[Tissue maintenance]]

==Body fluids==

#[[Body fluids]]
#[[Homeostasis]]
#[[Composition and functions of blood]]
#[[Blood plasma]]
#[[Organic and inorganic components of blood plasma]]
#[[Plasmatic proteins]]
#[[White blood cells]]
#[[Granulocytes]]
#[[Lymphocytes, lymphatic tissue]]
#[[Monocyte-macrophage system]]
#[[Thrombocytes]]
#[[Red Blood Cells]]
#[[Blood cell formation]]
#[[Hemoglobin]]
#[[Hemostasis]]
#[[Hemocoagulation]]
#[[Coagulation factors; fibrinolysis]]
#[[Blood Groups]]
#[[Buffer systems in blood]]
#[[Mechanisms of innate immunity]]
#[[Systems of acquired immunity]]
#[[The cell mediated immunity]]
#[[Defensive properties of neutrophils and monocyte-macrophages]]
#[[Formation and function of antibodies]]


==Blood circulation==

#[[Electrical activity of the heart]]
#[[Conducting myocardial system]]
#[[The ionic basis of the resting potential in the heart]]
#[[Ionic currents underlying the cardiac action potential and pacemaker potential]]
#[[The role of calcium in the cardiac muscle]]
#[[Sequence of depolarization and repolarization of atria and ventricles]]
#[[Origin of the electrocardiogram]]
#[[Electrocardiographic recording]]
#[[The normal electrocardiogram]]
#[[Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle]]
#[[Mechanical properties of the cardiac muscle]]
#[[Events of the cardiac cycle]]
#[[Myocardial work]]
#[[Function of cardiac valves, heart sounds]]
#[[Pressure, volume, and flow during the cardiac cycle]]
#[[Cardiac output, regulation]]
#[[Blood pressure in the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins]]
#[[Blood pressure in the right heart and in pulmonary circulation]]
#[[Arterial pressure pulse]]
#[[Determinants of the arterial blood pressure]]
#[[Control of vascular resistance]]
#[[Arteriolar tone and range of vascular control]]
#[[Function of the microvascular network]]
#[[Exchange of materials in capillaries]]
#[[Interstitial fluid and lymph]]
#[[Venous return and its relation to cardiac output]]
#[[Receptors in cardiovascular system]]
#[[The baroreceptor regulation of the cardiovascular system]]
#[[Cardiopulmonary receptors]]
#[[Neural control of the cardiovascular functions]]
#[[Control of the cardiac output]]
#[[Control of the blood pressure]]
#[[Control of the blood volume]]
#[[Control of the regional blood flow]]
#[[Intrinsic regulation of the cardiovascular system]]
#[[Stroke volume - the length-tension relationship]]
#[[Arterial pressure and stroke volume]]
#[[Heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output]]
#[[Hormonal regulation of the cardiovascular system]]
#[[Fetal and neonatal circulation]]
#[[The coronary circulation]]
#[[The circulation of the lungs]]
#[[Cerebral circulation]]
#[[Splachnic circulation|Splanchnic circulation]]


==The Respiratory System==

#[[Movements of the thoracic cage]]
#[[Ventilation]]
#[[Airways, the anatomical dead space, airway resistance]]
#[[Lung volumes and capacities]]
#[[Pleural and alveolar pressures]]
#[[Lung compliance and elastance, surface tension]]
#[[Work of breathing]]
#[[Alveolar ventilation]]
#[[Ventilation and perfusion in lungs]]
#[[Alveolar and atmospheric air - composition]]
#[[Exchange of gases in lungs and tissues]]
#[[Diffusion and transport of respiratory gases]]
#[[Transport of oxygen in blood]]
#[[Transport of carbon dioxide in blood]]
#[[Respiratory rhythmogenesis]]
#[[Chemoreceptor control of respiration]]
#[[Respiration in high altitudes]]
#[[Respiratory reflexes]]
#[[pH regulation in body fluids]]


==The Digestive System==

#[[Motility of the gastrointestinal system]]
#[[Chewing and swallowing, esophageal motility]]
#[[Gastric motility]]
#[[Intestinal motility, defecation]]
#[[Cellular mechanism of secretion]]
#[[Function of salivary glands]]
#[[Gastric secretion]]
#[[Pancreatic secretion]]
#[[Secretory function of the liver]]
#[[Intestinal secretion]]
#[[Gastric digestion]]
#[[Digestion in the small intestine]]
#[[Digestion in the colon]]
#[[Digestion and absorption of proteins]]
#[[Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates]]
#[[Digestion and absorption of lipids]]
#[[Basic mechanisms of the intestinal transport]]
#[[Water and electrolyte absorption]]
#[[Absorption of vitamins]]
#[[Functions of the liver]]
#[[Metabolism of carbohydrates]]
#[[Metabolism of proteins]]
#[[Metabolism of lipids]]
#[[Dietary balance]]
#[[Temperature regulation]]


==The excretory system==

#[[The physiology of the skin]]
#[[Functional morphology of the kidney]]
#[[Blood flow in the kidney, its regulation]]
#[[Nephron, structure and function of its individual parts]]
#[[Glomerular filtration, its regulation]]
#[[Processing of the filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules]]
#[[Renal mechanisms of the ion transport]]
#[[Renal transport mechanisms of the organic compounds]]
#[[Examinations of the renal function, clearance]]
#[[Control of the renal functions]]
#[[Control of extracellular fluid osmolality]]
#[[Control of extracellular fluid volume, sodium and potassium balance]]
#[[Body acid-base state and its regulation]]
#[[Renal regulation of the acid-base balance]]
#[[Micturition]]


==The endocrine system==

#[[Mechanisms of cell signaling]]
#[[Synthesis, release, disposal, and regulation of hormone secretion]]
#[[Hormone action]]
#[[The adrenocortical hormones]]
#[[Growth hormone, growth factors, and control of the body growth]]
#[[Regulation of the carbohydrate metabolism]]
#[[Insulin secretion, action, and regulation]]
#[[Hypothalamo-hypophyseal relations]]
#[[The thyroid hormones secretion and its regulation]]
#[[Thyroid hormones action]]
#[[The adrenal medulla]]
#[[Stress and emergency reaction]]
#[[Glucocorticoids]]
#[[Mineralocorticoids]]
#[[Control of the calcium and phosphate balance]]
#[[Hormones of the anterior pituitary]]
#[[Secretion and physiological effects of catecholamines]]
#[[Neurohypophyseal hormones]]
#[[Biogenic peptides, neuropeptides, local chemical mediators]]
#[[Endocrine and Biological Rhythms]]
#[[Sexual differentiation]]
#[[Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male]]
#[[Reproductive and hormonal functions of the female]]
#[[The ovarial cycle]]
#[[Physiology of pregnancy]]
#[[Functions of the placenta]]
#[[Lactation]]
#[[Fetal and neonatal physiology]]


==Principles of neurophysiology==

#[[Structure and function of nerve cells]]
#[[Membrane Potentials]]
#[[Transformation of Synaptic Input into Action Potential]]
#[[Action Potential|Action potentials and its propagation]]
#[[Structure and Function of Axons and Dendrites|Structure and function of axons, dendrites and dendritic spines]]
#[[Synapse|Structure and function of synapses]]
#[[Synaptic Transmission]]
#[[Membrane_potentials#Post-Synaptic_Potentials|Postsynaptic potentials]]
#[[Transmitters in the nervous system]]
#[[Integration activity of neurons]]
#[[Functions of the Neuronal Circuits]]
#[[Reflex arc, classification of reflexes]]
#[[Inhibitory_Neuronal_Circuits|Organization of inhibitory circuits]]
#[[Milieu of the central nervous system]]
#[[Glial cells, brain barrier systems]]

==The motor system==

#[[Excitation-contraction coupling in the skeletal muscle]]
#[[Neuromuscular junction and ion changes during the muscle contraction]]
#[[Physiology of the muscle contraction, energy requirements]]
#[[The neural control of movements]]
#[[The peripheral motor control]]
#[[Spinal reflexes]]
#[[Muscle tone and its control]]
#[[Motor functions of the spinal cord]]
#[[Motor functions of the brain stem]]
#[[Motor functions of the basal ganglia]]
#[[Function of the cerebellum]]
#[[Cortical control of motor functions]]


==The autonomic nervous system==

#[[Physiology of the smooth muscle contraction]]
#[[Control of the smooth muscle contraction]]
#[[Characteristics of sympathetic and parasympathetic action]]
#[[Autonomic innervation of various structures]]
#[[The hypothalamic functions]]
#[[Control of the food intake]]


==The sensory physiology==

#[[Classification of Receptors]]
#[[Signal transformation in receptor cells]]
#[[Signal coding]]
#[[Somatic sensations]]
#[[Cutaneous receptors]]
#[[Pain|Perception of pain]]
#[[Function of the external and middle ear]]
#[[Function of the cochlea]]
#[[Processing of the auditory signal]]
#[[The vestibular apparatus]]
#[[The optics of the eye]]
#[[The accessory eye organs]]
#[[Function of the retina]]
#[[Transmission and processing of the visual signal]]
#[[The sense of taste]]
#[[The sense of smell]]


==Integrative function of the CNS==

#[[Spinal_Cord#Function|Function of the spinal cord]]
#[[Thalamus#Function|Thalamic functions]]
#[[Reticular_system|Function of the reticular system]]
#[[Limbic system|Function of the limbic system]]
#[[Cerebral_Cortex#Function|Function of the cerebral cortex]]
#[[The association areas of the cerebral cortex]]
#[[The dominance and specialization of the cerebral hemispheres]]
#[[Intellectual functions of the brain, language]]
#[[Mechanisms of the control of behavior]]
#[[Learning_and_Memory|Mechanism of learning and memory]]
#[[Sleep_cycle|Waking and sleeping]]
#[[Bioelectrical activity of the CNS]]

[[Category:Physiology]]