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{{Infobox Laboratory equipment
|name   = Microscope
|image  = Optical microscope nikon alphaphot +.jpg|200px
|uses   = Small sample observation
|notable_experiments = Discovery of [[Cell (biology)|cell]]s
|inventor = [[Hans Lippershey]]<br/>[[Zacharias Janssen]] 
|related = [[Electron microscope]]
}}

A '''microscope''' (from the {{lang-el|μικρός}}, ''mikrós'', "small" and {{polytonic|σκοπεῖν}}, ''skopeîn'', "to look" or "see") is an [[Laboratory equipment|instrument]] to see objects too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called [[microscopy]]. [[Microscopic]] means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope. 

==History==
{{Main|History of optics}}

An  early microscope was made in 1590 in [[Middelburg]], [[Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/microscopes/timeline/index.html |title=Microscopes: Time Line |format= |publisher=Nobel Web AB |accessdate=2010-01-27}}</ref> Two [[Glasses|eyeglass]] makers are variously given credit: [[Hans Lippershey]] (who developed an early [[telescope]]) and [[Zacharias_Janssen#Microscope|Hans Janssen]].  [[Giovanni Faber]] coined the name for [[Galileo Galilei]]'s compound microscope in 1625.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gould, Stephen Jay |title=The Lying Stones of Marrakech: Penultimate Reflections in Natural History | chapter = Chapter 2: The Sharp-Eyed Lynx, Outfoxed by Nature |publisher=Harmony |location=New York, N.Y |year=2000 |pages= |isbn=0-224-05044-3}}</ref> (Galileo had called it the "''occhiolino''" or "''little eye''".)

The first detailed account of the interior construction of living tissue based on the use of a microscope did not appear until 1644, in Giambattista Odierna's ''L'ochio della mosca'', or ''The Fly's Eye''.<ref name=Wootton>{{cite book |author=Wootton, David |title=Bad medicine: doctors doing harm since Hippocrates |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=0-19-280355-7 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>

It was not until the 1660s and 1670s that the microscope was used seriously in Italy, Holland and England.  Marcelo Malpighi in Italy began the analysis of biological structures beginning with the lungs.  [[Robert Hooke]]'s ''[[Micrographia]]'' had a huge impact, largely because of its impressive illustrations.  The greatest contribution came from [[Antoni van Leeuwenhoek]] who discovered red blood cells and spermatozoa. On 9 October 1676, Leeuwenhoek reported the discovery of micro-organisms.<ref name=Wootton/>

The most common type of microscope—and the first invented—is the [[optical microscope]]. This is an [[optics|optical]] [[measuring instrument|instrument]] containing one or more [[Lens (optics)|lenses]] producing an enlarged image of an object placed in the focal plane of the lenses.

==Types==
[[Image:MicroscopesOverview.svg|thumb|right|300px|Types of microscopes]]
"Microscopes" can be separated into [[optical]] theory microscopes (Light microscope), electron microscopes (e.g., [[Transmission electron microscope|TEM]]), and [[scanning probe microscope]]s (SPM).
Optical microscopes function through the [[optical]] theory of lenses in order to magnify the image generated by the passage of a [[wave]] through the sample, or reflected by the sample. The waves used are [[electromagnetic waves|electromagnetic]] (in [[optical microscope]]s) or [[electron]] beams (in [[electron microscopes]]). Types are the compound light, stereo, and the electronic microscope.

=== Optical ===

{{main|Optical microscope}}

[[Optical microscope]]s, ''using visible wavelengths of light, are the simplest and most used.
Optical microscopes have [[refraction|refractive]] glass and occasionally of plastic or [[quartz]], to focus light into the eye or another light detector. Mirror-based optical microscopes operate in the same manner. Typical magnification of a light microscope, assuming visible range light, is up to 1500x with a [[angular resolution#Microscope case|theoretical resolution limit]] of around 0.2 [[micrometres]] or 200 [[nanometers]]. Specialized techniques (e.g., [[Confocal laser scanning microscopy|scanning confocal microscopy]], [[Vertico SMI]]) may exceed this magnification but the resolution is [[diffraction]] limited. The use of shorter wavelengths of light, such as the ultraviolet, is one way to improve the spatial resolution of the optical microscope, as are devices such as the [[near-field scanning optical microscope]].<br />[[Sarfus]], a recent optical technique increases the sensitivity of standard optical microscope to a point it becomes possible to directly visualize nanometric films (down to 0.3 nanometer) and isolated nano-objects (down to 2&nbsp;nm-diameter). The technique is based on the use of non-reflecting substrates for cross-polarized reflected light microscopy. 
[[Image:CBP checking authenticity of a travel document.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[U.S. Customs and Border Protection|CBP]] [[Office of Field Operations]] agent checking the [[authenticity]] of a [[travel document]] at an [[international airport]] using a [[stereo microscope]]]]

[[Ultraviolet]] light enables the resolution of microscopic features, as well as to image samples that are transparent to the eye. [[Near infrared]] light images circuitry embedded in bonded silicon devices, as silicon is transparent in this region. Many wavelengths of light, ranging from the ultraviolet to the visible are used to excite [[fluorescence]] emission from objects for viewing by eye or with sensitive cameras.

[[phase contrast microscope|Phase contrast microscopy]] is an [[optical microscopy]] [[illumination]] technique in which small [[phase shifts]] in the light passing through a transparent specimen are converted into [[amplitude]] or [[contrast]] changes in the image.
A phase contrast microscope does not require [[staining]] to view the slide. This microscope made it possible to study the [[cell cycle]].

The traditional optical microscope has been recently modified into a [[digital microscope]], where instead of directly viewing the object, a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera projects the image to a monitor.

=== Electron ===
{{main|Electron microscope}}

Three major variants of electron microscopes exist:
*[[Scanning electron microscope]] ([[SEM]]): looks at the surface of bulk objects by scanning the surface with a fine electron beam and measuring reflection. May also be used for [[spectroscopy]]. See also [[ESEM|environmental scanning electron microscope]]
*[[Transmission electron microscope]] ([[TEM]]): passes electrons completely through the sample, analogous to [[bright field microscopy|basic optical microscopy]]. This requires careful sample preparation, since electrons are scattered so strongly by most materials.This is a scientific device that allows people to see objects that could normally not be seen by the naked or unaided eye.
*[[Scanning Tunneling Microscope]] ([[STM]]): is a powerful technique for viewing surfaces at the atomic level.

The [[SEM]] and [[STM]] can also be considered examples of [[scanning probe microscopy]].

=== Scanning probe ===
*AFM, [[atomic force microscopy]]
*BEEM, [[ballistic electron emission microscopy]]
*EFM, [[electrostatic force microscope]]
*ESTM [[electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope]]
*FMM, [[force modulation microscopy]]
*KPFM, [[kelvin probe force microscope|kelvin probe force microscopy]]
*MFM, [[magnetic force microscopy]]
*MRFM, [[magnetic resonance force microscopy]]
*NSOM, [[near-field scanning optical microscopy]] (or SNOM, scanning near-field optical microscopy)
*PFM, Piezo Force Microscopy
*PSTM, [[photon scanning tunneling microscopy]]
*PTMS, [[photothermal microspectroscopy]]/microscopy
*SAP, [[scanning atom probe]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Morita S |title=Roadmap of Scanning Probe Microscopy | series=NanoScience and Technology |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=3-540-34314-8}}</ref>
*SECM, [[scanning electrochemical microscopy]]
*SCM, [[scanning capacitance microscopy]]
*SGM, [[scanning gate microscopy]] 
*SICM, [[scanning ion-conductance microscopy]]
*SPSM [[spin polarized scanning tunneling microscopy]]
*SThM, [[scanning thermal microscopy]]<ref>{{cite journal | author=Majumdar A | title = Scanning Thermal Microscopy | journal = Annual Review of Materials Science | year = 1999 | volume = 29 | pages=505-85 | url=http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146}}</ref>/annurev.matsci.29.1.505]
*STM, [[scanning tunneling microscopy]]
*SVM, [[scanning voltage microscopy]]
*SHPM, [[scanning Hall probe microscopy]]
*SSM, [[Scanning SQUID microscope]]

Of these techniques AFM and STM are the most commonly used followed by MFM and SNOM/NSOM.

=== Other ===
{{commonscat|Microscopes}}
[[File:Leeuwenhoek Microscope.png|thumb|130px|right|Replica of microscope by [[Van Leeuwenhoek]]]]
[[Image:4microssopes4.jpg|thumb|130px|right|Different microscopes]]

[[Scanning acoustic microscope]]s use sound waves to measure variations in acoustic impedance. Similar to [[Sonar]] in principle, they are used for such jobs as detecting defects in the subsurfaces of materials including those found in integrated circuits.

==See also==
*[[Bright field microscopy]]
*[[Condensed Matter Physics]]
*[[Confocal microscopy]]
*[[Dark field microscopy]]
*[[Digital microscope]]
*[[Electron Microscope]]
*[[Fluorescence interference contrast microscopy]]
*[[Fluorescence microscope]]
*[[Intel Play]]
*[[Laser capture microdissection]]
*[[Microscope image processing]]
*[[Microscope slide]]
*[[Microscopy]]
*[[b:Botany/Microscopy laboratory|Microscopy laboratory]] in: ''A Study Guide to the Science of Botany'' at Wikibooks
*[[Optical Microscope]]
*[[Phase contrast microscopy]]
*[[Telescope]]
*[[Timeline of microscope technology]]
*[[X-ray microscope]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.noopia.com nOOpia], ''nOOpia microscopy blog''
*[http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/index.html Milestones in Light Microscopy], ''Nature Publishing''
*[http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/faq.html FAQ on Optical Microscopes]
*[http://www.microscopyu.com Nikon MicroscopyU, tutorials from Nikon]
*[http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/index.html Molecular Expressions : ''Exploring the World of Optics and Microscopy'', Florida State University.]
*[http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v13/n10/full/nm1007-1128a.html ''Microscopes made from bamboo''] at Nature.com
*[http://www.livemicroscope.com/ ''Microscope videos'']
*[http://www.histology-world.com/microscope/audiomicroscope/audiomicroscope.htm Audio microscope glossary]

{{Laboratory equipment}}

[[Category:Microscopy|Microscopy]]
[[Category:Microscopes|Microscopes]]
[[Category:Microbiology equipment]]

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