Lung

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[[Soubor:Gray970.png|náhled|vpravo|Mediastinum]]

Lungs (latin sing. pulmō, plur. pulmōnēs) are a pair organ, that secures the function of exchanging gasses between the air and the blood. The lungs are located in the pleural space having their surface covered by a delicate membrane, pulmonary pleurae (sing. pleura). Mammalian, human and also bee lungs are comprised by millions of thin-walled sacs, pulmonary alveoli (sing. alveolus), which are well entwined with blood capillaries.

Basic description

Anatomy:

• facies costalis – an area facing the ribs;
• facies diaphragmatica – a lower area facing the diaphragm;
• facies mediastinalis – an area facing the mediastinum;
• hilum pulmonis – the pulmonary hilum, the medial aspect of each lung on which the bronchi and arteries enter the lungs, the pulmonary veins exit;
• ligamentum pulmonale – a caudal narrowed continuation of the hilum; area in which the pleura visceralis passes into the pleura parietalis, as well as on the pulmonary hilum;
• apex pulmonis – the peak of a lung, located in the cupula pleurae;
• margo anterior – an anterior margin of a lung, transition of facies costalis in facies mediastinalis;
• margo inferior – a lower margin of a lung, transition of facies costalis to facies diaphragmatica;
• lingula pulmonis sinistri – a "tongue" of the left lung.

Lung syntopy

Organ impressions on the right lung:

• sulcus venae cavae superioris – an impression of the superior vena cava on the upper anterior part of the mediastinal surface;
• sulcus arteriae sublaviae – an impression of the subclavian artery, which passes by behind the superior vena cava;
• sulcus oesophageus – an impression of the esophagus, which craniocaudally passes medially from the pulmonary hilum, in front of azygos vein;
• sulcus venae azygos – an impression of the azygos vein behind the esophagus;
• impressio costae primae – an impression of the first rib.

Organ impressions on the left lung:

• impressio cardiaca – an impression of the heart;
• impressio oesophagea – an impression of the esophagus, which passes medially from the pulmonary hilum in front of the aorta;
• sulcus aorticus – an impression of the aorta on the back of the facies mediastinalis, which cranially passes into the sulcus arteriae subclaviae;
• sulcus arteriae subclaviae – an impression of the subclavian artery exiting from the aorta;
• sulcus venae brachiocephalicae sinistrae – an impression of the left brachiocephalic vein passing in front of the subclavian artery;
• impressio costae primae – an impression of the first rib.

• Soubor:Gray973.png

  Left lung from the medial side

• Soubor:Gray972.png

  Right lung from the medial side

Pulmonary interstitium

náhled|vpravo|Transverzální řez v úrovni Th4

Pulmonary interstitium refers to all the connective tissue surrounding the alveoli, around the bronchi and blood vessels, between the lung lobes and segments. A very important part of the connective tissue is the elastic component, which, by its contraction, allows air to be expelled from the lungs during exhalation. Ligamentous septa, departing from the pulmonary hilum, separate individual lobes into segments (however, their outer border is not apparent; the lobes are separated by grooves). From the ligamentous septa recedes segments that are separating each lung lobe with connective tissue (interlobular septum), as well as separating every individual alveolus one from another (interalveolar septum).

The ligamentous systems on the lung surface then pass into the subserosal connective tissue, attached to visceral pleura, beneath which coniophages with phagocytosed anthracotic pigment in interlobular septa shine through - the separation of lung lobes is apparent from the outside.

In the pulmonary interstitium, the branches of the pulmonary artery, bronchial arteries and veins, the network of vegetative nerve fibers (sympathetic - bronchodilation, parasympathetic - bronchoconstriction) and the deep lymphatic system run together along the bronchi (peribronchially), while the inflows of the pulmonary veins and the superficial lymphatic system run in the fibrous septa independently.

Blood supply

náhled|vpravo|Cévní zásobení plic We distinguish two types of blood supply of the lungs:

1. Pulmonary circulation – circulation of aa. pulmonales (“small blood circulation”) – a. pulmonalis branches along the bronchi to the alveoli, which are surrounded by a capillary network (capillaries in the interalveolar septa) after entering the pulmonary hilum, the blood then flows into the vv. pulmonales, which occur in the pulmonary interstitium independently of bronchial branching.
2. Bronchial circulation – rr. bronchiales of the thoracic aorta, run together with the bronchi, along which they branch into capillaries, from which vv. bronchiales collect, and again run along with the bronchi, flowing into the v. azygos et v. hemiazygos.

There are anastomoses between the two circuits, that allow blood to flow from the bronchial branches of the aorta into the alveolar capillaries when an obstruction of the pulmonary artery branches occur.

Lymfatická drenáž plic

Rozlišujeme dva systémy lymfatických cév:

1. povrchový – začínají pod pleurou a pak probíhají ve vazivových septech spolu s přítoky vv. pulmonales k plicnímu hilu, kde se vlévají do nll. bronchopulmonales;
2. hluboký – sledují větvení bronchiálního stromu, začínají v úrovni respiračních bronchiolů a jdou přes nll. pulmonales k hilu, kde se vlévají do nll.bronchopulmonales (v nich se tedy stýkají povrchový a hluboký systému).

Lymfatické uzliny plic jsou:

1. nll. pulmonales – při rozestupu segmentálních bronchů,
2. nll. bronchopulmonales – při odstupu lobárních bronchů v plicním hilu (hilové uzliny),
3. nll. tracheobronchiales – uloženy při bifurkaci trachey jako nll. tracheobronchiales superiores dx. et sin. a nll. tracheobronchiales inferiores,
4. nll. paratracheales – tvoří řetězce uložené po stranách trachey (nll. paratracheales dx. et sin.).

Lymfa z celé pravé plíce jde přes nll. tracheobronchiales inferiores et superiores dextri do nll. paratracheales dextri a z nich do truncus bronchomediastinalis dx. a dále do ductus lymphaticus dexter.

Lymfa z dolního laloku levé plíce a z lingulárních segmentů laloku horního jde přes nll. tracheobronchiales inferiores do nll. tracheobronchiales superiores dextri a dále do pravých paratracheálních uzlin.

Z horního laloku (kromě lingulárních segmentů) levé plíce jde lymfa do nll. tracheobrochiales superiores sinistri a dále do levých paratracheálních uzlin a v levém bronchomediastinálním kmeni do ductus thoracicus.

Histologický preparát

__ Plíce (histologický preparát)

Lung division and intrapulmonary branching of the bronchi

The lungs are divided into lobes, which are further divided into smaller segments.

Right lung is divided into three lobes: lobus superior dx., lobus medius et lobus inferior dx.. The main interlobular groove is called fissura obliqua, from which the fissura horizontalis is disconnected at the level of the 4th rib.

Left lung is divided into two lobes: lobus superior sin. et lobus inferior sin., by the groove fissura obliqua.

Fissura obliqua starts 6-7 cm below the apex of the lungs and stretches obliquely forward and down (on both sides).

The lobes are further divided into bronchopulmonary segments. These are parts of the lungs separated by ligamentous septa, into which the main branches of the bronchi enter along with aa. pulmonales.The segments begin at the pulmonary hilum and extend pyramidal toward the surface. Segment recognition has a major clinical use in the localization of the diagnosis or due to the possibility of surgical removal as a whole.

Right lung

Lobus superior

1. – segmentum apicale

2. – segmentum posterius

3. – segmentum anterius

Lobus medius

4. – segmentum laterale

5. – segmentum mediale

Lobus Inferior

6. – segmentum superius

7. – segmentum basale mediale

8. – segmentum basale anterius

9. – segmentum basale laterale

10. – segmentum basale posterius

Left lung

Lobus superior

1.+2. – segmentum apicoposterius

3. – segmentum anterius

4. – segmentum lingulare superius

5. – segmentum lingulare inferius

Lobus inferior

6. – segmentum superius

7. – segmentum basale mediale (var.)

8. – segmentum basale anterius

9. – segmentum basale laterale

10. – segmentum basale posterius

Links

See also

• Plíce (histologický preparát)
• Fetální plíce (histologický preparát)
• Mediastinum
• Srdce
• Mechanika dýchání

Exteral links

• Gray's anatomy – lungs

Used literature

• MUDr. Václav Eis, MUDr. Štěpán Jelínek, MUDr. Martin Špaček: Histologicko-patologický atlas