Glycopeptides: Difference between revisions
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== Antimicrobial spectrum == | == Antimicrobial spectrum == | ||
They are effective only | They are effective only against G +, especially [[methicillin]] resistant staphylococci ([[oxacilin]]), enterococci, ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]'', ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'', ''[[Clostridium difficile]]''. | ||
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== Vancomycin == | == Vancomycin == | ||
=== Pharmacokinetics === | === Pharmacokinetics === | ||
It is not absorbed from the digestive tract - when enteral, it only acts locally, so it is used to treat '''enterocolitis'''. It is administered intravenously for systemic effect. It is eliminated by renal excretion in a metabolically unchanged form. Impaired renal excretory function requires dose reduction. It can also accumulate in case of liver insufficiency. The therapeutic window is narrow, so[[therapeutic level monitoring | It is not absorbed from the digestive tract - when enteral, it only acts locally, so it is used to treat '''enterocolitis'''. It is administered intravenously for systemic effect. It is eliminated by renal excretion in a metabolically unchanged form. Impaired renal excretory function requires dose reduction. It can also accumulate in case of liver insufficiency. The therapeutic window is narrow, so [[Therapeutic drug monitoring|therapeutic level monitoring]] is appropriate. | ||
[[File:Vancomycin.svg|thumb|286x286px|Vancomycin]] | [[File:Vancomycin.svg|thumb|286x286px|Vancomycin]] | ||
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=== Indication === | === Indication === | ||
Vancomycin | Vancomycin is used to treat infections caused by sensitive gram-positive microorganisms and anaerobes - such as peritonitis, [[sepsis]] , [[endocarditis]] , and to treat other serious diseases. It is given orally in [[pseudomembranous colitis]] . Almost all staphylococcal strains are still susceptible to vancomycin, making this antibiotic the drug of choice for methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections (MRSA). The use of vancomycin should be reserved for cases where penicillins or cephalosporins cannot be administered, or for patients who have not responded to these antibiotics or for whom there is another specific indication. | ||
=== Side effects and toxicity === | === Side effects and toxicity === | ||
Phlebitis is formed by local irritation, especially after paravenous application. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity are directly dependent on plasma concentrations. Therefore, '''monitoring of plasma levels''' is recommended. ''„Red man | Phlebitis is formed by local irritation, especially after paravenous application. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity are directly dependent on plasma concentrations. Therefore, '''monitoring of plasma levels''' is recommended. ''„Red man syndrome“'', ([[flush]], itching, [[hypotension]] , apparently unsensitized release of histamine from mast cells) may occur with rapid administration . Therefore, vancomycin is also administered by infusion over at least 1 hour. | ||
=== Contraindication === | === Contraindication === | ||
Vancomycin must not be used in allergies to glycopeptide antibiotics. It must not be used | Vancomycin must not be used in allergies to glycopeptide antibiotics. It must not be used i.m. It should be used with caution in hearing loss, renal function and pregnancy. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity are increased by concomitant administration of other such toxic substances (ex. [[aminoglycosides]]). | ||
== Teicoplanin == | == Teicoplanin == | ||
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=== Resources === | === Resources === | ||
* | |||
* MARTÍNKOVÁ, J, S MIČUDA a J CERMANOVÁ. ''Antibiotika'' [online]. [cit. 2010-07-14]. <https://www.lfhk.cuni.cz/farmakol/predn/bak/kapitoly/atb-bak.doc/>. | |||
=== References === | === References === | ||
* LINCOVÁ, Dagmar a Hassan FARGHALI, et al. ''Základní a aplikovaná farmakologie. ''2. vydání. Praha : Galén, 2007. ISBN 978-80-7262-373-0. | |||
[[Category:Pharmacology]] | [[Category:Pharmacology]] | ||
[[Category:Infectious medicine]] | [[Category:Infectious medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Microbiology]] | [[Category:Microbiology]] | ||
Latest revision as of 22:48, 18 February 2022
Glycopeptides are highly effective bactericidal antibiotics.
Mechanism of action[edit | edit source]
They inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Antimicrobial spectrum[edit | edit source]
They are effective only against G +, especially methicillin resistant staphylococci (oxacilin), enterococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Clostridium difficile.
The two basic antibiotics are vancomycin a teicoplanin.
Vancomycin[edit | edit source]
Pharmacokinetics[edit | edit source]
It is not absorbed from the digestive tract - when enteral, it only acts locally, so it is used to treat enterocolitis. It is administered intravenously for systemic effect. It is eliminated by renal excretion in a metabolically unchanged form. Impaired renal excretory function requires dose reduction. It can also accumulate in case of liver insufficiency. The therapeutic window is narrow, so therapeutic level monitoring is appropriate.
Pharmacodynamics[edit | edit source]
The effect of vancomycin is independent of concentration.
Indication[edit | edit source]
Vancomycin is used to treat infections caused by sensitive gram-positive microorganisms and anaerobes - such as peritonitis, sepsis , endocarditis , and to treat other serious diseases. It is given orally in pseudomembranous colitis . Almost all staphylococcal strains are still susceptible to vancomycin, making this antibiotic the drug of choice for methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections (MRSA). The use of vancomycin should be reserved for cases where penicillins or cephalosporins cannot be administered, or for patients who have not responded to these antibiotics or for whom there is another specific indication.
Side effects and toxicity[edit | edit source]
Phlebitis is formed by local irritation, especially after paravenous application. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity are directly dependent on plasma concentrations. Therefore, monitoring of plasma levels is recommended. „Red man syndrome“, (flush, itching, hypotension , apparently unsensitized release of histamine from mast cells) may occur with rapid administration . Therefore, vancomycin is also administered by infusion over at least 1 hour.
Contraindication[edit | edit source]
Vancomycin must not be used in allergies to glycopeptide antibiotics. It must not be used i.m. It should be used with caution in hearing loss, renal function and pregnancy. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity are increased by concomitant administration of other such toxic substances (ex. aminoglycosides).
Teicoplanin[edit | edit source]
Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide with a vancomycin-like spectrum. It does not have cross-resistance, is very well tolerated and is not toxic. It is intended for parenteral administration. The half-life is longer than vancomycin.
Links[edit | edit source]
Related articles[edit | edit source]
Resources[edit | edit source]
- MARTÍNKOVÁ, J, S MIČUDA a J CERMANOVÁ. Antibiotika [online]. [cit. 2010-07-14]. <https://www.lfhk.cuni.cz/farmakol/predn/bak/kapitoly/atb-bak.doc/>.
References[edit | edit source]
- LINCOVÁ, Dagmar a Hassan FARGHALI, et al. Základní a aplikovaná farmakologie. 2. vydání. Praha : Galén, 2007. ISBN 978-80-7262-373-0.
