Antioxidant protection of the human body: Difference between revisions
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Metabolic processes produce [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS) and [[reactive nitrogen species]] (RNS). All biologically important reactive forms of nitrogen also contain an oxygen atom, sometimes referred to as "reactive oxygen and nitrogen species" (RONS). | |||
== Reactive forms of oxygen and nitrogen == | |||
They include two groups of substances <ref> {{Citation | type = book last name1 = Kidney | |||
| name1 = Miroslav | title = Biochemistry for medical students issue = - | publisher = Karolinum | year = 2009 | |||
| isbn = 9788024614144 | pages =}} </ref>: | |||
; Free radicals | |||
: They contain an unpaired electron, making them very reactive. Typical representatives are, for example, the hydroxyl radical · OH, the superoxide O <sub> 2 </sub> <sup> · - </sup> or nitric oxide NO ·. | |||
; Non-radical reactive forms | |||
: Oxygen compounds (or oxygen and nitrogen) which, although not in their nature free radicals, can easily be formed by further reactions. These include, for example, hydrogen peroxide H <sub> 2 </sub> O <sub> 2 </sub> or peroxinitrite ONOO <sup> - </sup>. | |||
Free radicals are formed in three different ways: by homolytic cleavage of a covalent bond, by reduction (addition of one electron) or by oxidation (loss of one electron). If a radical reacts with another normal molecule, it also turns it into a radical (propagation of a radical reaction). The radical reaction is completed by the reaction of two radicals. | |||
Free radicals damage [[fatty acids]], lipids and proteins, but also contribute to the body's immune protection. | |||
Revision as of 00:01, 20 February 2022
Metabolic processes produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). All biologically important reactive forms of nitrogen also contain an oxygen atom, sometimes referred to as "reactive oxygen and nitrogen species" (RONS).
Reactive forms of oxygen and nitrogen
They include two groups of substances [1]:
- Free radicals
- They contain an unpaired electron, making them very reactive. Typical representatives are, for example, the hydroxyl radical · OH, the superoxide O 2 · - or nitric oxide NO ·.
- Non-radical reactive forms
- Oxygen compounds (or oxygen and nitrogen) which, although not in their nature free radicals, can easily be formed by further reactions. These include, for example, hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 or peroxinitrite ONOO - .
Free radicals are formed in three different ways: by homolytic cleavage of a covalent bond, by reduction (addition of one electron) or by oxidation (loss of one electron). If a radical reacts with another normal molecule, it also turns it into a radical (propagation of a radical reaction). The radical reaction is completed by the reaction of two radicals. Free radicals damage fatty acids, lipids and proteins, but also contribute to the body's immune protection.
- ↑ {{#switch: book last name1 = Kidney |book = Incomplete publication citation. . Biochemistry for medical students issue = -. Karolinum, 2009. 978-80-7262-438-6. |collection = Incomplete citation of contribution in proceedings. . Biochemistry for medical students issue = -. Karolinum, 2009. {{ #if: 9788024614144 |978-80-7262-438-6} } |article = Incomplete article citation. . 2009, year 2009, |web = Incomplete site citation. . Karolinum, ©2009. |cd = Incomplete carrier citation. . Karolinum, ©2009. |db = Incomplete database citation. Karolinum, ©2009. |corporate_literature = . Biochemistry for medical students issue = -. Karolinum, 2009. 978-80-7262-438-6} }
