Carotid endarterectomy: Difference between revisions
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[[ | [[File:Cad endarterectomy.jpg|thumb|Carotid endarterectomy]] | ||
''' | '''Carotid endarterectomy''' is a surgical procedure in which there is the removal of atherosclerotic plaque from the bifurcation [[a. carotis communis]] and the detachment of [[arteria carotis interna|a. carotis interna]] from a longitudinal arteriotomy. As many as 20-30% of ischemic strokes are caused by carotid stenosis - this is the condition we try to prevent by endarterectomy and thus reduce the risk of [[stroke]] <ref>{{Cite | ||
| | | type = article | ||
| | | surname1 = Fairhead | ||
| | | name1 = J.F. | ||
| | | surname2 = Rothwell | ||
| | | name2 = Peter M. | ||
| | | article = The Need for Urgency in Identification and Treatment of Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis Is Already Established | ||
| | | journal = Cerebrovascular Diseases | ||
| | | year = 2005 | ||
| | | the_year = 6 | ||
| | | volume = 19 | ||
| | | pages = 355-358 | ||
| issn = 1015-9770 | | issn = 1015-9770 | ||
| doi = 10.1159/000085201}}</ref><ref>{{ | | doi = 10.1159/000085201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite | ||
| | | type = article | ||
| | | surname1 = Earnshaw | ||
| | | name1 = J. J | ||
| | | article = Carotid endarterectomy--the evidence | ||
| | | journal = JRSM | ||
| | | year = 2002 | ||
| | | the_year = 4 | ||
| | | volume = 95 | ||
| | | pages = 168-170 | ||
| issn = 0141-0768 | | issn = 0141-0768 | ||
| doi = 10.1258/jrsm.95.4.168}}</ref>. | | doi = 10.1258/jrsm.95.4.168}}</ref>. | ||
=== | === Indications and contraindications === | ||
Stenosis of [[arteria carotis interna|a. carotis interna]] may or may not be symptomatic. In asymptomatic patients, in a very general sense, the indication is a stenosis exceeding 70% of the artery lumen, in the case of an exulcerated plaque even in a minor stenosis. Symptomatic patients are most often indicated for surgery after [[ischemic attack]] or with stenosis of less than 60% of lumen. However, these values are very indicative; in addition to the stenosis itself, the individual symptoms in the given patients are also decisive. <ref>{{Cite | |||
| | | type = article | ||
| | | surname1 = Ballotta | ||
| | | name1 = Enzo | ||
| | | surname2 = Toniato | ||
| | | name2 = Antonio | ||
| | | surname3 = Da Roit | ||
| | | name3 = Anna | ||
| | | article = Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis in the very elderly | ||
| | | journal = Journal of Vascular Surgery | ||
| | | year = 2015 | ||
| | | the_year = 2 | ||
| | | pages = 382-388 | ||
| issn = 0741-5214 | | issn = 0741-5214 | ||
| doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.07.090}}</ref><ref>{{ | | doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.07.090}}</ref><ref>{{Cite | ||
| | | type = article | ||
| | | surname1 = Findlay | ||
| | | name1 = J M | ||
| | | surname2 = Tucker | ||
| | | name2 = W S | ||
| | | surname3 = Ferguson | ||
| | | name3 = G G | ||
| | | others= yes | ||
| | | article= Guidelines for the use of carotid endarterectomy: current recommendations from the Canadian Neurosurgical Society | ||
| | | journal = CMAJ | ||
| | | year = 1997 | ||
| | | number = 6 | ||
| | | volume=157 | ||
| | | pages = 653-9 | ||
| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1228103/?tool=pubmed | | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1228103/?tool=pubmed | ||
| issn = 0820-3946 | | issn = 0820-3946 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
[[ | |||
[[File:Carotid Plaque.jpg|thumb|Carotid Plaque]] | |||
| | Surgery is contraindicated in the presence of severe bodily comorbidities (possibility of replacing CAE with angioplasty or stenting), in severe [[stroke]] with progression to [[hemiplegia]] or [[coma]], or in disorder of consciousness eg in [[brain edema]], or signs of [[bleeding]] into the [[CNS]]. <ref>{{Cite | ||
| | | type = article | ||
| | | surname1 = Rothwell | ||
| | | name1 = PM | ||
| | | surname2 = Warlow | ||
| | | name2 = CP | ||
| | | article = Prediction of benefit from carotid endar terectomy in individual patients: a risk-modelling study | ||
| | | journal = The Lancet | ||
| | | year = 1999 | ||
| | | the_year=9170 | ||
| | |volume=353 | ||
| pages = 2105-2110 | |||
| issn = 0140-6736 | | issn = 0140-6736 | ||
| doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)11415-0}}</ref> | | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)11415-0}}</ref> | ||
=== | === Technique === | ||
The procedure can be performed under local or general anesthesia <ref>{{Cite | |||
| | | type = article | ||
| | | surname1 = Zdrehuş | ||
| | | name1 = Claudiu | ||
| | | article = Anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy - general or loco-regional? | ||
| | | journal = Rom J Anaesth Intensive Care | ||
| | | year = 2015 | ||
| | | number = 1 | ||
| | | volume=22 | ||
| | | pages = 17-24 | ||
| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5505327/?tool=pubmed | | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5505327/?tool=pubmed | ||
| issn = 2392-7518 | | issn = 2392-7518 | ||
}}</ref>. | }}</ref>. A fundamental requirement of perioperative management is the prevention of neurological complications caused by reduced brain perfusion when clamping an operated artery. When choosing a regional anesthesia technique, the neurological finding is monitored; during general anesthesia, evoked potentials can be monitored with the assistance of a neurologist. From the point of view of anesthesiology management, the crucial point is the control of the mean arterial pressure sufficient for perfusion of the brain after loading the clamp. A '''temporary short''' circuit is established in case of suspected cerebral perfusion insufficiency with Willis circuit anastomoses bridging the clamped part of the artery.. The technique of this type of operation can be divided into classic and eversion. In the classical technique, a longitudinal arteriotomy is performed (the incision is in the longitudinal line of the [[m. sternocleidomastoideus|sternocleidomastoid muscle]]), while in the eversion technique, the arteriotomy is transverse and involves anatomical reimplantation of the [[a. carotis interna]] at the carotid sinus. The artery itself is not so prone to restenosis, sutures are performed only on the most distant aspect of the artery.<ref>{{Cite | ||
| | | type = article | ||
| | | surname1 = Cao | ||
| | | name1 = P | ||
| | | surname2 = De Rango | ||
| | | name2 = P | ||
| | | surname3 = Zannetti | ||
| | | name3 = S | ||
| | | article= Eversion vs Conventional Carotid Endarterectomy: a Systematic Review | ||
| | | journal = European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery | ||
| | | year = 2002 | ||
| | | the_year = 3 | ||
| | |volume=23 | ||
| | | pages = 195-201 | ||
| issn = 1078-5884 | | issn = 1078-5884 | ||
| doi = 10.1053/ejvs.2001.1560}}</ref><ref>{{ | | doi = 10.1053/ejvs.2001.1560}}</ref><ref>{{Cite | ||
| | | type = article | ||
| | | surname1 = Djedovic | ||
| | | name1 = Muhamed | ||
| | | surname2 = Mujanovic | ||
| | | name2 = Emir | ||
| | | surname3 = Hadzimehmedagic | ||
| | | name3 = Amel | ||
| | | article = Comparison of Results Classical and Eversion Carotid Endarterectomy | ||
| | | journal = Medical Archives | ||
| | | year = 2017 | ||
| | | the_year = 2 | ||
| | |volume=71 | ||
| | | pages = 89 | ||
| issn = 0350-199X | | issn = 0350-199X | ||
| doi = 10.5455/medarh.2017.71.89-92}}</ref> | | doi = 10.5455/medarh.2017.71.89-92}}</ref> | ||
=== | === Complications === | ||
Complications associated with carotid endarterectomy are divided into two groups. Paradoxically, the most common complication is the stroke (or TIA), as well as the postoperative hematoma at the incision site. | |||
==== | ==== Neurological ==== | ||
The most typical neurological complications include [[intracerebral hemorrhage]], [[embolization]] into the cerebral circulation, as well as peripheral nerve involvement: | |||
* ''[[Nervus hypoglossus|n. hypoglosus]]'' – | * ''[[Nervus hypoglossus|n. hypoglosus]]'' – most often affected <ref name="neurologie-v-praxi">{{Cite | type = article | surname1 = Krajíčková | name1 = Dagmar | article = KOMPLIKACE CHIRURGICKÉ A ENDOVASKULÁRNÍ LÉČBY ONEMOCNĚNÍ MAGISTRÁLNÍCH MOZKOVÝCH TEPEN | journal = Neurologie pro praxi | url = https://www.neurologiepropraxi.cz/pdfs/neu/2003/03/06.pdf | year = 2003 | the_year= 3 | pages = 134 | issn = -}}</ref>, | ||
* ''r. marginalis'' ''n. mandibularis'', | * ''r. marginalis'' ''n. mandibularis'', | ||
* ''n. laryngeus recurrens, n. laryngeus superior''. | * ''n. laryngeus recurrens, n. laryngeus superior''. | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
Hyperperfusion complications may also occur - the development of cerebral edema as a possible consequence of bleeding into the cerebral parenchyma .. <ref>{{Cite | |||
| | | type = article | ||
| | | surname1 = Hans | ||
| | | name1 = S S | ||
| | | article = Results of carotid re-exploration for post-carotid endarterectomy thrombosis | ||
| | | journal = J Cardiovasc Surg Torino | ||
| | | year = 2007 | ||
| | | number = 5 | ||
| | |volume=48 | ||
| | | pages = 587-91 | ||
| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17989628 | | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17989628 | ||
| issn = 0021-9509 | | issn = 0021-9509 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
[[ | [[File:Cad stentplacement.jpg|thumb|Carotid artery stent placement]] | ||
==== Non- | ==== Non-neurological ==== | ||
Clinically significant hematoma at the incision site occurs after about 2% of carotid endarterectomies, most often as a result of capillary bleeding from the incision site. However, it can also have very dramatic manifestations - during bleeding from the carotid artery, there is a rapid progression of compression of the airways and surrounding vascular structures. In this case, an urgent surgical revision is indicated, often with the need to evacuate the hematoma under local anesthesia before tracheal intubation, which is prevented by deviation of the trachea by the hematoma. There is also a risk of high blood loss during this procedure. Subsequent complications of massive hematoma include laryngeal damage, severe neurological impairment, or myocardial ischemia.. <ref>{{Cite | |||
| | | type = article | ||
| | | surname1 = Tamaki | ||
| | | name1 = Tomonori | ||
| | | surname2 = Morita | ||
| | | name2 = Akio | ||
| | | article = Neck haematoma after carotid endarterectomy: risks, rescue, and prevention | ||
| | | journal = Br J Neurosurg | ||
| | | year = 2019 | ||
| | | number = 2 | ||
| | |volume=33 | ||
| | | pages = 156-160 | ||
| url = https://doi.org/10.1080/02688697.2018.1468018 | | url = https://doi.org/10.1080/02688697.2018.1468018 | ||
| issn = 0268-8697 (print), 1360-046X | | issn = 0268-8697 (print), 1360-046X | ||
}}</ref><ref>{{ | }}</ref><ref>{{Cite | ||
| | | type = article | ||
| | | surname1 = Kunkel | ||
| | | name1 = J M | ||
| | | surname2 = Gomez | ||
| | | name2 = E R | ||
| | | surname3 = Spebar | ||
| | | name3 = M J | ||
| | | others=yes | ||
| | | article = Wound hematomas after carotid endarterectomy | ||
| | | journal = Am J Surg | ||
| | | year = 1984 | ||
| | | number = 6 | ||
| | |volume=148 | ||
| | | pages = 844-7 | ||
| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6507761 | | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6507761 | ||
| issn = 0002-9610 | | issn = 0002-9610 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
This group also includes general perioperative systemic complications, especially [[myocardial infarction]] and [[Arrhythmias (pediatrics)|arrhythmias]] <ref name="neurologie-v-praxi" />. | |||
=== | === Alternatives to CAS === | ||
CAS (CAS – ''carotid artery stenting'') is an alternative to '''endovascular introduction of the''' '''[[stent|stents]]''' . The indication may be, for example, a medical condition unsuitable for surgery (see contraindications mentioned above), excess of the risks of surgery over the risks of stenting or previous endarterectomy failure. Complications of this treatment modality are more or less the same as those in CEA, but due to the introduction of the stent, there may also be, for example, bleeding, perforation of the artery itself, etc. <ref>{{Cite | |||
| | | type = article | ||
| | | surname1 = Kasper | ||
| | | name1 = EkkehardM | ||
| | | surname2 = Salem | ||
| | | name2 = MohamedM | ||
| | | surname3 = Alturki | ||
| | | name3 = AbdulrahmanY | ||
| | | article = Carotid artery stenting vs. carotid endarterectomy in the management of carotid artery stenosis: Lessons learned from randomized controlled trials | ||
| | | journal = Surgical Neurology International | ||
| | | year= 2018 | ||
| | |the_year=1 | ||
| | | volume = 9 | ||
| | | pages = 85 | ||
| issn = 2152-7806 | | issn = 2152-7806 | ||
| doi = 10.4103/sni.sni_400_17}}</ref> | | doi = 10.4103/sni.sni_400_17}}</ref> | ||
=== | === Video Library === | ||
Video | Video describing the issue of atherosclerosis in connection with carotid endarterectomy, its indications, design and complications. | ||
{{video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGw0oBmmuHM}} | {{video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGw0oBmmuHM}} | ||
== | == References == | ||
=== | === Related Articles === | ||
* [[ | * [[thromboendarterectomy]] | ||
* [[ | *[[Artery reconstruction]] | ||
* [[Arteria carotis interna]] | * [[Arteria carotis interna]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Stroke]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Brain vessels]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Brain ischemia]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Ischemia]] | ||
=== | === External links === | ||
* {{Akutně|405|Anestezie u endarterektomie karotidy - interaktivní algoritmus + test}} | * {{Akutně|405|Anestezie u endarterektomie karotidy - interaktivní algoritmus + test}} | ||
| Line 220: | Line 221: | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_stenting CAS na anglické Wikipedii] | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_stenting CAS na anglické Wikipedii] | ||
=== | ===References=== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[ | |||
[[ | [[Category:Neurosurgery]] | ||
[[ | [[Category:Surgery]] | ||
[[Category:Angiology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 21:23, 27 February 2022
Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure in which there is the removal of atherosclerotic plaque from the bifurcation a. carotis communis and the detachment of a. carotis interna from a longitudinal arteriotomy. As many as 20-30% of ischemic strokes are caused by carotid stenosis - this is the condition we try to prevent by endarterectomy and thus reduce the risk of stroke [1][2].
Indications and contraindications[edit | edit source]
Stenosis of a. carotis interna may or may not be symptomatic. In asymptomatic patients, in a very general sense, the indication is a stenosis exceeding 70% of the artery lumen, in the case of an exulcerated plaque even in a minor stenosis. Symptomatic patients are most often indicated for surgery after ischemic attack or with stenosis of less than 60% of lumen. However, these values are very indicative; in addition to the stenosis itself, the individual symptoms in the given patients are also decisive. [3][4]
Surgery is contraindicated in the presence of severe bodily comorbidities (possibility of replacing CAE with angioplasty or stenting), in severe stroke with progression to hemiplegia or coma, or in disorder of consciousness eg in brain edema, or signs of bleeding into the CNS. [5]
Technique[edit | edit source]
The procedure can be performed under local or general anesthesia [6]. A fundamental requirement of perioperative management is the prevention of neurological complications caused by reduced brain perfusion when clamping an operated artery. When choosing a regional anesthesia technique, the neurological finding is monitored; during general anesthesia, evoked potentials can be monitored with the assistance of a neurologist. From the point of view of anesthesiology management, the crucial point is the control of the mean arterial pressure sufficient for perfusion of the brain after loading the clamp. A temporary short circuit is established in case of suspected cerebral perfusion insufficiency with Willis circuit anastomoses bridging the clamped part of the artery.. The technique of this type of operation can be divided into classic and eversion. In the classical technique, a longitudinal arteriotomy is performed (the incision is in the longitudinal line of the sternocleidomastoid muscle), while in the eversion technique, the arteriotomy is transverse and involves anatomical reimplantation of the a. carotis interna at the carotid sinus. The artery itself is not so prone to restenosis, sutures are performed only on the most distant aspect of the artery.[7][8]
Complications[edit | edit source]
Complications associated with carotid endarterectomy are divided into two groups. Paradoxically, the most common complication is the stroke (or TIA), as well as the postoperative hematoma at the incision site.
Neurological[edit | edit source]
The most typical neurological complications include intracerebral hemorrhage, embolization into the cerebral circulation, as well as peripheral nerve involvement:
- n. hypoglosus – most often affected [9],
- r. marginalis n. mandibularis,
- n. laryngeus recurrens, n. laryngeus superior.
Hyperperfusion complications may also occur - the development of cerebral edema as a possible consequence of bleeding into the cerebral parenchyma .. [10]
Non-neurological[edit | edit source]
Clinically significant hematoma at the incision site occurs after about 2% of carotid endarterectomies, most often as a result of capillary bleeding from the incision site. However, it can also have very dramatic manifestations - during bleeding from the carotid artery, there is a rapid progression of compression of the airways and surrounding vascular structures. In this case, an urgent surgical revision is indicated, often with the need to evacuate the hematoma under local anesthesia before tracheal intubation, which is prevented by deviation of the trachea by the hematoma. There is also a risk of high blood loss during this procedure. Subsequent complications of massive hematoma include laryngeal damage, severe neurological impairment, or myocardial ischemia.. [11][12]
This group also includes general perioperative systemic complications, especially myocardial infarction and arrhythmias [9].
Alternatives to CAS[edit | edit source]
CAS (CAS – carotid artery stenting) is an alternative to endovascular introduction of the stents . The indication may be, for example, a medical condition unsuitable for surgery (see contraindications mentioned above), excess of the risks of surgery over the risks of stenting or previous endarterectomy failure. Complications of this treatment modality are more or less the same as those in CEA, but due to the introduction of the stent, there may also be, for example, bleeding, perforation of the artery itself, etc. [13]
Video Library[edit | edit source]
Video describing the issue of atherosclerosis in connection with carotid endarterectomy, its indications, design and complications.
References[edit | edit source]
Related Articles[edit | edit source]
- thromboendarterectomy
- Artery reconstruction
- Arteria carotis interna
- Stroke
- Brain vessels
- Brain ischemia
- Ischemia
External links[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ FAIRHEAD, J.F. – ROTHWELL, Peter M.. The Need for Urgency in Identification and Treatment of Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis Is Already Established. Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2005, y. 6, vol. 19, p. 355-358, ISSN 1015-9770. DOI: 10.1159/000085201.
- ↑ EARNSHAW, J. J. Carotid endarterectomy--the evidence. JRSM. 2002, y. 4, vol. 95, p. 168-170, ISSN 0141-0768. DOI: 10.1258/jrsm.95.4.168.
- ↑ BALLOTTA, Enzo – TONIATO, Antonio – DA ROIT, Anna. Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis in the very elderly. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2015, y. 2, p. 382-388, ISSN 0741-5214. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.07.090.
- ↑ FINDLAY, J M – TUCKER, W S – FERGUSON, G G. , et al. Guidelines for the use of carotid endarterectomy: current recommendations from the Canadian Neurosurgical Society. CMAJ [online]. 1997, vol. 157, no. 6, p. 653-9, Available from <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1228103/?tool=pubmed>. ISSN 0820-3946.
- ↑ ROTHWELL, PM – WARLOW, CP. Prediction of benefit from carotid endar terectomy in individual patients: a risk-modelling study. The Lancet. 1999, y. 9170, vol. 353, p. 2105-2110, ISSN 0140-6736. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)11415-0.
- ↑ ZDREHUŞ, Claudiu. Anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy - general or loco-regional?. Rom J Anaesth Intensive Care [online]. 2015, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 17-24, Available from <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5505327/?tool=pubmed>. ISSN 2392-7518.
- ↑ CAO, P – DE RANGO, P – ZANNETTI, S. Eversion vs Conventional Carotid Endarterectomy: a Systematic Review. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2002, y. 3, vol. 23, p. 195-201, ISSN 1078-5884. DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.2001.1560.
- ↑ DJEDOVIC, Muhamed – MUJANOVIC, Emir – HADZIMEHMEDAGIC, Amel. Comparison of Results Classical and Eversion Carotid Endarterectomy. Medical Archives. 2017, y. 2, vol. 71, p. 89, ISSN 0350-199X. DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2017.71.89-92.
- ↑ Jump up to: a b KRAJÍČKOVÁ, Dagmar. KOMPLIKACE CHIRURGICKÉ A ENDOVASKULÁRNÍ LÉČBY ONEMOCNĚNÍ MAGISTRÁLNÍCH MOZKOVÝCH TEPEN. Neurologie pro praxi [online]. 2003, y. 3, p. 134, Available from <https://www.neurologiepropraxi.cz/pdfs/neu/2003/03/06.pdf>.
- ↑ HANS, S S. Results of carotid re-exploration for post-carotid endarterectomy thrombosis. J Cardiovasc Surg Torino [online]. 2007, vol. 48, no. 5, p. 587-91, Available from <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17989628>. ISSN 0021-9509.
- ↑ TAMAKI, Tomonori – MORITA, Akio. Neck haematoma after carotid endarterectomy: risks, rescue, and prevention. Br J Neurosurg [online]. 2019, vol. 33, no. 2, p. 156-160, Available from <https://doi.org/10.1080/02688697.2018.1468018>. ISSN 0268-8697 (print), 1360-046X.
- ↑ KUNKEL, J M – GOMEZ, E R – SPEBAR, M J. , et al. Wound hematomas after carotid endarterectomy. Am J Surg [online]. 1984, vol. 148, no. 6, p. 844-7, Available from <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6507761>. ISSN 0002-9610.
- ↑ KASPER, EkkehardM – SALEM, MohamedM – ALTURKI, AbdulrahmanY. Carotid artery stenting vs. carotid endarterectomy in the management of carotid artery stenosis: Lessons learned from randomized controlled trials. Surgical Neurology International. 2018, y. 1, vol. 9, p. 85, ISSN 2152-7806. DOI: 10.4103/sni.sni_400_17.
