Borrelia burgdorferi: Difference between revisions
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| MeSH ID = {{MeSH ID|D025065}} | | MeSH ID = {{MeSH ID|D025065}} | ||
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[[ | [[File:SpirochaeteSchemamobilityFL.jpg|thumb|Diagram of the borrelia locomotor system: (1) capsule, (2) cytoplasm, (3) flagella, (4) flagella insertion site]] | ||
[[ | [[File:Borrelia cycle.jpg|thumb|Life cycle]] | ||
'''''Borrelia burgdorferi'' ''sensu lato '''''<nowiki/>''(also known as '''Borreliella burgdorferi'''''<ref>Baranton, G., Postic, D., Saint Girons, I., Boerlin, P., Piffaretti, J.C., Assous, M., and Grimont, P.A. "Delineation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii sp. nov., and group VS461 associated with Lyme borreliosis." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1992) 42:378-383.</ref><ref>Adeolu, M., and Gupta, R.S. "A phylogenomic and molecular marker based proposal for the division of the genus Borrelia into two genera: the emended genus Borrelia containing only the members of the relapsing fever Borrelia, and the genus Borreliella gen. nov. containing the members of the Lyme disease Borrelia (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex)." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (2014) 105:1049-1072.</ref>'')'' are bacterias of the ''' | '''''Borrelia burgdorferi'' ''sensu lato '''''<nowiki/>''(also known as '''Borreliella burgdorferi'''''<ref>Baranton, G., Postic, D., Saint Girons, I., Boerlin, P., Piffaretti, J.C., Assous, M., and Grimont, P.A. "Delineation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii sp. nov., and group VS461 associated with Lyme borreliosis." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1992) 42:378-383.</ref><ref>Adeolu, M., and Gupta, R.S. "A phylogenomic and molecular marker based proposal for the division of the genus Borrelia into two genera: the emended genus Borrelia containing only the members of the relapsing fever Borrelia, and the genus Borreliella gen. nov. containing the members of the Lyme disease Borrelia (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex)." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (2014) 105:1049-1072.</ref>'')'' are bacterias of the '''Spirochetes''' class. It is one of the causative agents of the multiorgan disease called Lyme disease which is transmitted by ticks. | ||
==Morfology== | ==Morfology== | ||
* | *Borrelia is typical for its elongated '''spiral shape '''(with flagellas at both ends), this allows helical movement, which is advantageous especially in the highly viscous environment of the [[intercellular mass|intercellular mass]].This type of movement allows Borrelia to cross both the epithelial barrier and the [[Blood Brain Barrier|blood-brain barrier]]. | ||
* | *They are also able to enter cells, such as [[Fibroblasts|Fibroblasts]], dendritic cells and [[macrophages|macrophages]], and survive in them. | ||
* | *Borrelia are capable of '''high speed movements'''.<ref name="dpp" /> | ||
== | ==Physiology a Cultivation== | ||
* | *Borrelia are '''microaerophiles''' that require an enriched complex medium with N-acetylglucosamine, amino acids, vitamins and nucleotides.<ref name="Bednář" /> | ||
* | *They do not have their own metabolic equipment, so they are '''fully dependent on the host'''. Therefore, they are not able to grow in the external environment. | ||
* | *They lack enzymes for the synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids and nucleotides that they obtain from the host organism. | ||
* | *They are adapted to '''low levels of [[Iron|iron]]''', the active reduction of which in body fluids is one of the main mechanisms of non-specific antibacterial host defense.<ref name="dpp" /> | ||
* | *Borrelia is able to form '''so-called „non-spiral“ forms''' with reduced metabolic activity. These are cystic forms and strangulation sacs containing cytoplasmic components. The transformation has been observed when exposing the classical spiral form to suboptimal living conditions such as low [[pH]], lack of nutritional resources or low [[osmotic pressure]]. „Non-spiral“ forms are capable of 'reversing' into a fully metabolically active spiral form.<ref name="dpp">{{Cite| type = article| surname1 = Křupka| name1 = M| surename2 = Raška| name2 = M| surname3 = Weigl| name3 = E| article = Lymská borelióza – biologie, patogeneze, diagnostika a léčba| journal = Dermatologie pro praxi| url = http://www.solen.cz/pdfs/der/2008/05/07.pdf| year = 2008| the_year = 2| volume = 5-6| pages = 236-239| issn = -}}</ref> | ||
== | ==Antigen characteristics== | ||
* | *The antigens are bound to the '''the surface membrane and to the flagella.''' | ||
* | *Flagella antigens are species specific. <ref name="Bednář" /> | ||
== | ==Pathogenicity factors== | ||
* | *Active movement of the flagella. | ||
* | *Presence of '''lipopolysaccharide complex'''. <ref name="Bednář" /> | ||
== | ==Laboratory diagnostics== | ||
* | *Direct detection is performed in shadow, phase contrast, immunofluorescence, silvering. | ||
* | *Lyme disease is diagnosed '''serologically.''' <ref name="Bednář" /> | ||
== | ==Imunity== | ||
* | *During the course of the disease, there is a significant proliferation of T-cells in the peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid and joint fluid. | ||
* | *IgM antibodies to flagellar antigen can be detected in 1-3 weeks, followed by IgG antibodies. | ||
* | *Antibodies can also be detected in cerebrospinal fluid.<ref name="Bednář">{{Cite| type = book| isbn = 8023802976| surname1, = Bednář| name1 = Marek| surname2 = Souček| name2 = Andrej| surname3 = Fraňková| name3 = Věra| others = yes| title = Lékařská mikrobiologie| subtitle = Bakteriologie, virologie, parazitologie| edition = 1| location = Praha| publisher = Marvil| year = 1999| pages =191–192}}</ref> | ||
== | ==Therapy== | ||
* | *In stage 1, oral penicillin - eg amoxicillin (in combination with clavulanic acid, which has no antibiotic effects) or doxycycline. | ||
== | ==Classification== | ||
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species group includes: | |||
*''Borrelia burgdorferi'' sensu stricto ( | *''Borrelia burgdorferi'' sensu stricto ((especially in north America, where it was apparently transferred from Europe); | ||
*''Borrelia garinii'' ( | *''Borrelia garinii'' (especially in Europe and Asia); | ||
*''Borrelia afzelii'' ( | *''Borrelia afzelii'' (especially in Europe and Asia); | ||
*''Borrelia valaisiana'' ( | *''Borrelia valaisiana'' (rare pathogen); | ||
*''Borrelia lusitaniae'' ( | *''Borrelia lusitaniae'' (rare pathogen).<ref name="dpp" /> | ||
<noinclude> | <noinclude> | ||
*[[ | ==Links== | ||
===Related articles=== | |||
*[[Lyme disease]] | |||
*[[Repetitorium mikrobiologie]] | *[[Repetitorium mikrobiologie]] | ||
=== | ===References=== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
</noinclude> | </noinclude> | ||
[[ | [[Category:Microbiology]] | ||
[[ | [[Category:Infectious diseases]] | ||
[[ | [[Category:Epidemiology]] | ||
[[ | [[Category:Bacteria]] | ||
Latest revision as of 22:56, 1 January 2024
__BEZOBSAHU__ Template:Infobox - bakterie
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (also known as Borreliella burgdorferi[1][2]) are bacterias of the Spirochetes class. It is one of the causative agents of the multiorgan disease called Lyme disease which is transmitted by ticks.
Morfology[edit | edit source]
- Borrelia is typical for its elongated spiral shape (with flagellas at both ends), this allows helical movement, which is advantageous especially in the highly viscous environment of the intercellular mass.This type of movement allows Borrelia to cross both the epithelial barrier and the blood-brain barrier.
- They are also able to enter cells, such as Fibroblasts, dendritic cells and macrophages, and survive in them.
- Borrelia are capable of high speed movements.[3]
Physiology a Cultivation[edit | edit source]
- Borrelia are microaerophiles that require an enriched complex medium with N-acetylglucosamine, amino acids, vitamins and nucleotides.[4]
- They do not have their own metabolic equipment, so they are fully dependent on the host. Therefore, they are not able to grow in the external environment.
- They lack enzymes for the synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids and nucleotides that they obtain from the host organism.
- They are adapted to low levels of iron, the active reduction of which in body fluids is one of the main mechanisms of non-specific antibacterial host defense.[3]
- Borrelia is able to form so-called „non-spiral“ forms with reduced metabolic activity. These are cystic forms and strangulation sacs containing cytoplasmic components. The transformation has been observed when exposing the classical spiral form to suboptimal living conditions such as low pH, lack of nutritional resources or low osmotic pressure. „Non-spiral“ forms are capable of 'reversing' into a fully metabolically active spiral form.[3]
Antigen characteristics[edit | edit source]
- The antigens are bound to the the surface membrane and to the flagella.
- Flagella antigens are species specific. [4]
Pathogenicity factors[edit | edit source]
- Active movement of the flagella.
- Presence of lipopolysaccharide complex. [4]
Laboratory diagnostics[edit | edit source]
- Direct detection is performed in shadow, phase contrast, immunofluorescence, silvering.
- Lyme disease is diagnosed serologically. [4]
Imunity[edit | edit source]
- During the course of the disease, there is a significant proliferation of T-cells in the peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid and joint fluid.
- IgM antibodies to flagellar antigen can be detected in 1-3 weeks, followed by IgG antibodies.
- Antibodies can also be detected in cerebrospinal fluid.[4]
Therapy[edit | edit source]
- In stage 1, oral penicillin - eg amoxicillin (in combination with clavulanic acid, which has no antibiotic effects) or doxycycline.
Classification[edit | edit source]
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species group includes:
- Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto ((especially in north America, where it was apparently transferred from Europe);
- Borrelia garinii (especially in Europe and Asia);
- Borrelia afzelii (especially in Europe and Asia);
- Borrelia valaisiana (rare pathogen);
- Borrelia lusitaniae (rare pathogen).[3]
Links[edit | edit source]
Related articles[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Baranton, G., Postic, D., Saint Girons, I., Boerlin, P., Piffaretti, J.C., Assous, M., and Grimont, P.A. "Delineation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii sp. nov., and group VS461 associated with Lyme borreliosis." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1992) 42:378-383.
- ↑ Adeolu, M., and Gupta, R.S. "A phylogenomic and molecular marker based proposal for the division of the genus Borrelia into two genera: the emended genus Borrelia containing only the members of the relapsing fever Borrelia, and the genus Borreliella gen. nov. containing the members of the Lyme disease Borrelia (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex)." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (2014) 105:1049-1072.
- ↑ Jump up to: a b c d KŘUPKA, M – WEIGL, E. Lymská borelióza – biologie, patogeneze, diagnostika a léčba. Dermatologie pro praxi [online]. 2008, y. 2, vol. 5-6, p. 236-239, Available from <http://www.solen.cz/pdfs/der/2008/05/07.pdf>.
- ↑ Jump up to: a b c d e – SOUČEK, Andrej – FRAŇKOVÁ, Věra, et al. Lékařská mikrobiologie : Bakteriologie, virologie, parazitologie. 1. edition. Praha : Marvil, 1999. pp. 191–192. ISBN 8023802976.
