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| {{Under construction}}
| | [[Category:Pneumology]] |
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| Infections, in which the agent exits the source from the upper respiratory tract, from which infected droplets fly out when sneezing, coughing or talking.
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| *Infections are caused by viruses, bacteria and parasites.
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| *The source of the disease is usually a person, an animal, the external environment (legionella, fungi).
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| ==Spread of infection==
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| The size of the droplets matters when the infection spreads:
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| *droplets larger than 100 μm fall to the ground and get dry – they form contaminated dust that can be inhaled or enter the body through contact,
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| *droplets smaller than 100 μm remain in the air,
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| *very small droplets smaller than 5 μm dry immediately, remain in the air for a very long time - when inhaled, they reach the alveoli and the defense mechanism of the ciliated epithelium is not used against them.
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| Infections are usually transmitted:
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| #'''Directly''' – droplet transmission - direct air transmission at a distance of 1-1.5 m. Acute respiratory infections([[influenza]], parainfluenza, coronavirus, etc.) prefer this method of transmission.
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| #'''Indirectly''' – through contaminated objects, it depends on the size of the droplet – small ones fly further (by air currents away from the source of infection), large ones fall (infectious dust).
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| ==Clinical manifestations==
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| #''' Upper and lower respiratory tract infections''' – (acute respiratory disease, pertussis, [[diphtheria]], pulmonary [[tuberculosis]]) – runny nose, cough, sore throat.
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| #'''Infections outside the respiratory tract''' – multiplication in the upper respiratory tract, through the lymphatic route to the blood and organs – rash diseases ([[Plané neštovice|varicella]], [[measles]], [[rubella]], [[scarlet fever]]), [[mumps]], [[meningitis]].
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| ==Occurrence==
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| Worldwide, seasonal in the temperate zone, influenza - autumn, winter, spring.
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| ==The most common airborne diseases==
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| ===Viruses===
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| *[[Mononucleosis]] (EB virus),
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| *[[varicela|chicken pox]] (shingles),
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| *[[mumps]], [[rubella]], [[measles]],
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| *acute respiratory diseases – [[influenza]] (shift, drift changes), parainfluenza, adenoviruses, RS viruses, rheoviruses, rhinoviruses, coxsackie, echoviruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae – mainly in weakened individuals.
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| ===Bacteria===
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| *[[TBC]] (Mycobakterium tuberculosis),
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| *[[Diftérie|diphtheria]] (Corynebakterium diphteriae),
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| *pertussis, parapertussis (Bordatella pertussis,parapertussis),
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| *[[Haemophilus influenzae|haemophilus B]] – [[Akutní epiglotitida|epiglottitis]], meningitis,
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| *meningococci ([[Meningokoková meningitida|Neisserie meningitis]]) – 20% of bacillus carriers, spread in closed collectives,
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| *streptococci (Streptococcus pneumoniae,[[Streptococcus pyogenes|Str. pyogenes]]) – [[Spálová angína|angina]], [[scarlet fever]], [[pneumonia]],
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| *legionella – source - external environment (water, construction dust, dried mud), transmission - aspiration of dust, aerosol, in weakened people or e.g. alcoholics manifests itself as [[Legionelóza|Legionnaires' disease]] – 20 % mortality ([[pneumonia]]), air-conditioned rooms are a danger. A milder form is [[Pontiac fever]] – it manifests itself with flu-like symptoms and lasts for 3-4 days. The affair in our country that drew attention to this infection - IKEM in Krč, a transplant center where 6 patients died after surgery, got infected from instant drinks (tap water) - today only bottled water is used there.
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| ==Epidemiological measures==
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| Mostly non-specific, mainly trying to prevent airborne infection, proper lifestyle, vitamins, exercise.
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| ==Prevention==
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| The main prevention is vaccination, currently vaccinations are given against the following airborne diseases:
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| *'''as a part of regular vaccinations ''' – diphtheria, pertussis, haemophilus B, measles, rubella, mumps,
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| *'''on request''' – influenza, meningococcus, pneumococcus, TBC.
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| ==Links==
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| ===References===
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| * {{Citace
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| | typ = kniha
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| | příjmení1 = Bencko
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| | jméno1 = Vladimír
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| | kolektiv = ano
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| | titul = Epidemiologie
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| | podnázev = výukové texty pro studenty 1. LF UK
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| | vydání = 2
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| | místo = Praha
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| | vydavatel = Karolinum
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| | rok = 2002
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| | isbn = 80-246-0383-7
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| }}
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| * {{Citace
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| | typ = kniha
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| | příjmení1 = Beneš
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| | jméno1 = Jiří
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| | titul = Infekční lékařství
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| | vydání = 1
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| | místo = Praha
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| | vydavatel = Galén
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| | rok = 2009
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| | rozsah = 651
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| | isbn = 978-80-7262-644-1
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| }}
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| *SCHEJBALOVÁ, M. ''Epidemiologie infekčních onemocnění''. Přednáška pro studenty 1. LF UK. Ústav hygieny a epidemiologie 1. LF UK.
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| [[Kategorie:Epidemiologie]]
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| [[Kategorie:Infekční lékařství]] | |
