Creatine: Difference between revisions
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| url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Creatine | | url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Creatine | ||
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'''Reference value''' in blood plasma: '''0.06-0.10 mmol/L''' | |||
Creatine is produced from the biosynthesis of the essential amino acids '''L-glycine''' and '''L-arginine''' and then is methylated - SAM, or can be obtained from '''dietary sources'''. | Creatine is produced from the biosynthesis of the essential amino acids '''L-glycine''' and '''L-arginine''' and then is methylated - SAM, or can be obtained from '''dietary sources'''. | ||
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# kidneys: a guanidine group is transferred with the help of a ''transaminidase'' enzyme from arginine to glycine, which results in the formation of guanidinoacetate | # kidneys: a guanidine group is transferred with the help of a ''transaminidase'' enzyme from arginine to glycine, which results in the formation of guanidinoacetate | ||
# liver: methylation of guanidinoacetate results in the creatine formation, SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) is a coenzyme in this reaction | # liver: methylation of guanidinoacetate results in the creatine formation, SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) is a coenzyme in this reaction | ||
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Creatine is '''phosphorylated''' in the '''skeletal muscle''' (reaction catalysed by the enzyme ''[[creatine kinase]]'') to form '''creatine phosphate''' (CP, also phosphocreatine), which then serves as a quickly-accessible source of energy in tissues with fluctuating energy requirements, such as the skeletal muscle and the brain. [[Creatine phosphate]] contains a high-energy phosphate (macroergic) bond. As soon as the muscle contraction begins, the muscle needs a fast supply of ATP and so the macroergic phosphate is transferred from creatine phosphate to ADP, which results in the formation of ATP and creatine. | |||
Creatine is '''phosphorylated''' in the '''skeletal muscle''' (enzyme | |||
[[File:Cyclization of Creatine.svg|thumb|247x247px|Cyclization of Creatine]] | [[File:Cyclization of Creatine.svg|thumb|247x247px|Cyclization of Creatine]] | ||
The energy resources in the form of creatine phosphate can cover the energy requirements of a working muscle for the '''first 10 seconds'''. Both creatine and creatine phosphate are fairly unstable molecules, which <u>spontaneously</u> undergo <u>non-enzymatic cyclisation</u> to '''[[creatinine]]''' in the muscle cells. Creatinine is a waste product of the muscle as it cannot be phosphorylated and used as an energy storage so is passed to circulation and excreted in the urine. | The energy resources in the form of creatine phosphate can cover the energy requirements of a working muscle for the '''first 10 seconds'''. Both creatine and creatine phosphate are fairly unstable molecules, which <u>spontaneously</u> undergo <u>non-enzymatic cyclisation</u> to '''[[creatinine]]''' in the muscle cells. Creatinine is a waste product of the muscle as it cannot be phosphorylated and used as an energy storage so is passed to circulation and excreted in the urine. | ||
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*[[Creatinine]] • [[Creatinine clearance]] | *[[Creatinine]] • [[Creatinine clearance]] | ||
*[[ATP]] • [[Contraction in skeletal muscle]] | *[[ATP]] • [[Contraction in skeletal muscle]] | ||
===References=== | ===References=== | ||
<references /> | |||
===Bibliography=== | ===Bibliography=== | ||
*{{Cite | *{{Cite | ||
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| url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Creatine | | url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Creatine | ||
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[[Category:Biochemistry]] | |||
Latest revision as of 22:58, 30 May 2024
Creatine is an organic acid, nitrogen compound derivative, which is synthesised endogenously in the liver and the kidneys, but it is stored and utilised mainly in the skeletal muscle.
IUPAC name: 2-[carbamimidoyl(methyl)amino]acetic acid [1]
Reference value in blood plasma: 0.06-0.10 mmol/L
Creatine is produced from the biosynthesis of the essential amino acids L-glycine and L-arginine and then is methylated - SAM, or can be obtained from dietary sources.
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Synthesis occurs in two steps:
- kidneys: a guanidine group is transferred with the help of a transaminidase enzyme from arginine to glycine, which results in the formation of guanidinoacetate
- liver: methylation of guanidinoacetate results in the creatine formation, SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) is a coenzyme in this reaction
The main dietary sources of creatine are meat and fish. Creatine is absorbed in the small intestine and enters the circulation and is then distributed into various tissues of the body - most importantly muscle and PNS/CNS. [2]
Creatine is phosphorylated in the skeletal muscle (reaction catalysed by the enzyme creatine kinase) to form creatine phosphate (CP, also phosphocreatine), which then serves as a quickly-accessible source of energy in tissues with fluctuating energy requirements, such as the skeletal muscle and the brain. Creatine phosphate contains a high-energy phosphate (macroergic) bond. As soon as the muscle contraction begins, the muscle needs a fast supply of ATP and so the macroergic phosphate is transferred from creatine phosphate to ADP, which results in the formation of ATP and creatine.
The energy resources in the form of creatine phosphate can cover the energy requirements of a working muscle for the first 10 seconds. Both creatine and creatine phosphate are fairly unstable molecules, which spontaneously undergo non-enzymatic cyclisation to creatinine in the muscle cells. Creatinine is a waste product of the muscle as it cannot be phosphorylated and used as an energy storage so is passed to circulation and excreted in the urine.
References[edit | edit source]
Related articles[edit | edit source]
- Creatine Kinase / Assay
- Creatine phosphate
- Creatinine • Creatinine clearance
- ATP • Contraction in skeletal muscle
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 586, Creatine [online]. National Library of Medicine, [cit. 2022-11-12]. <https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Creatine>.
- ↑ National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 586, Creatine [online]. National Library of Medicine, [cit. 2022-11-12]. <https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Creatine>.
Bibliography[edit | edit source]
- KOOLMAN, Jan – RÖHM, Klaus-Heinrich. Barevný atlas biochemie. 1. edition. Grada, 2012. ISBN 978-80-247-2977-0.
- MATOUŠ, Bohuslav, et al. Základy lékařské chemie a biochemie. 1. edition. Galén, 2010. 540 pp. ISBN 978-80-7262-702-8.
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 586, Creatine [online]. National Library of Medicine, [cit. 2022-11-12]. <https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Creatine>.
