Vitamin B2: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Riboflavin.png|thumb|Vitamin B2 structure]]
[[File:Riboflavin.png|thumb|Vitamin B2 structure]]
Riboflavin or vitamin B<sub>2</sub> is part of coenzymes flavinadenominemononucleotide (FAD) and flavinmononucleotide (FMN), plays a key role in oxidative metabolism.
Riboflavin or vitamin B<sub>2</sub> is part of coenzymes flavinadenine mononucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), plays a key role in oxidative metabolism.
===Source===
=== Source ===
A small amount is found in many foods. Good sources are meat, fish, offal, vegetables, milk, cheese, eggs, whole grain cereals.
A small amount is found in many foods. Main sources are meat, milk and milk products; good sources are also fish, offal (inner organs), eggs, and whole grain cereals. Milling of cereals removes most of vitamin B<sub>2</sub> - some countries (e.g. USA) fortify cereal products with riboflavin.
'''Recommended daily intake''' for adults: 1.2 to 1.5 mg <ref name="DACH">
 
{{Cite
'''Recommended daily intake''' for adults: 1.2 to 1.5 mg <ref name="DACH"> {{Cite
| type = book
| type = book
| corporation = Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Österreichische Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Sweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährungforschung, Sweizerische Vereinigung für Ernährung
| corporation = Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Österreichische Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Sweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährungforschung, Sweizerische Vereinigung für Ernährung
Line 26: Line 26:
| range = 216
| range = 216
| isbn = 3-8295-7114-3
| isbn = 3-8295-7114-3
}}
}} </ref>
</ref>
 
=== Deficiency ===
According to several population studies, the deficiency is widespread in developing countries, where diet is poor in animal foods, vegetables and fruits, and where cereals are milled (white flour)<ref name="Vitamins 1998">{{Cite
| type = book
| surname1 = Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline and Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine
| title = Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
| url = https://download.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309065542
| edition = 1
| location = Washington D.C
| publisher = National Academic Press
| year = 1998
| range = 592
| isbn = 0-309-59725-0
}} </ref>.
Frequently the deficiency is secondary due to malabsorption, enterocolitis, coeliac disease , chronic hepatitis; in children often after the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. It may develop in cancer, cardiac disease, diabetes<ref name="Vitamins 1998"/>
 
'''Clinical picture''': The description of the signs of riboflavin deficiency is somewhat inconsistent in various scientific publications. Riboflavin deficiency occurs almost always together with deficiencies of other group B vitamins, which may cause some of the signs decribed in literature<ref name="WHO 2004">
{{Cite
| type = book
| surname1 = WHO, FAO
| title = Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition
| url = http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241546123.pdf
| edition = 2
| location = Geneva
| publisher = WHO
| year = 2004
| range = 341
| isbn = 924154612 3
}} </ref>.
The signs most frequently described are: angular stomatitis, peeling lips (cheilosis), glossitis, and normocytic normochromic anemia<ref name="WHO 2004"/>.
 
'''Laboratory evaluation:''' decreases secretion of vitamin B<sub>2</sub> in urine (normal values are 106–638 nmol/l<ref name="Lab">
{{Cite
| type = web
| surname1 = Ordinace.cz
| url = http://www.ordinace.cz/laboratorni-hodnoty/238/#detail
| source_name = Laboratorní hodnoty
| subtitle = in Czech: Normal values for laboratory tests  The database has been created in collaboration with the Institute of clinical biochemistry and laboratory diagnostics, General University Hospital in Prague
| publisher = Pears Health Cyber, s. r. o. 2012
| date_of_revision = 2012-02-21
| cited = 2012-02-24
}}</ref>) , decreased concentrations of glutathione and glutathione reductase in erythrocytes.
 


===Deficiency===
=== Excess ===
Deficiency caused by the lack of riboflavin in food is sparse, may be secondary due to malabsorption, enterocolitis, coeliac disease , chronic hepatitis in children is often a broad-spectrum antibiotics .
Clinical picture : seborrheic dermatitis, conjunctivitis, sometimes keratitis, photophobia, impaired growth, angular cheilitis, peeling lips, mucous membranes (cheilosis), atrophic glossitis, dysphagia, normocytic normochromic anemia and bone marrow hypoplasia.
Laboratory evaluation: decreases secretion of vit. B<sub>2</sub> below 32 mg/24 h, decreased concentrations of glutathione and glutathione reductase in erythrocytes.
===Excess===
Signs of excess are not known.
Signs of excess are not known.
<noinclude>
<noinclude>
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* [[Fat Soluble Vitamins]]
* [[Fat Soluble Vitamins]]
* [[Water Soluble Vitamins]]
* [[Water Soluble Vitamins]]
===Reference===
=== Reference ===
<references />
<references />
=== Bibliography ===
=== Bibliography ===
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}}
}}
</noinclude>
</noinclude>
[[Category:Inserted articles]]
[[Category:Hygiene]]
[[Category:Hygiene]]
[[Category:Epidemiology]]
[[Category:Epidemiology]]

Latest revision as of 18:20, 8 December 2014

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Vitamin B2 structure

Riboflavin or vitamin B2 is part of coenzymes flavinadenine mononucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), plays a key role in oxidative metabolism.

Source[edit | edit source]

A small amount is found in many foods. Main sources are meat, milk and milk products; good sources are also fish, offal (inner organs), eggs, and whole grain cereals. Milling of cereals removes most of vitamin B2 - some countries (e.g. USA) fortify cereal products with riboflavin.

Recommended daily intake for adults: 1.2 to 1.5 mg [1]

Deficiency[edit | edit source]

According to several population studies, the deficiency is widespread in developing countries, where diet is poor in animal foods, vegetables and fruits, and where cereals are milled (white flour)[2]. Frequently the deficiency is secondary due to malabsorption, enterocolitis, coeliac disease , chronic hepatitis; in children often after the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. It may develop in cancer, cardiac disease, diabetes[2]

Clinical picture: The description of the signs of riboflavin deficiency is somewhat inconsistent in various scientific publications. Riboflavin deficiency occurs almost always together with deficiencies of other group B vitamins, which may cause some of the signs decribed in literature[3]. The signs most frequently described are: angular stomatitis, peeling lips (cheilosis), glossitis, and normocytic normochromic anemia[3].

Laboratory evaluation: decreases secretion of vitamin B2 in urine (normal values are 106–638 nmol/l[4]) , decreased concentrations of glutathione and glutathione reductase in erythrocytes.


Excess[edit | edit source]

Signs of excess are not known.

Links[edit | edit source]

Related articles[edit | edit source]

Reference[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Österreichische Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Sweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährungforschung, Sweizerische Vereinigung für Ernährung. . Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr (DACH). 1. edition. Frankfurt am Main : Umschau/Braus, 2000. 216 pp. ISBN 3-8295-7114-3.
  2. ↑ Jump up to: a b STANDING COMMITTEE ON THE SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION OF DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES AND ITS PANEL ON FOLATE, OTHER B VITAMINS, AND CHOLINE AND SUBCOMMITTEE ON UPPER REFERENCE LEVELS OF NUTRIENTS, FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD, INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE,. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline [online] . 1. edition. Washington D.C : National Academic Press, 1998. 592 pp. Available from <https://download.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309065542>. ISBN 0-309-59725-0.
  3. ↑ Jump up to: a b WHO, FAO,. Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition [online] . 2. edition. Geneva : WHO, 2004. 341 pp. Available from <http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241546123.pdf>. ISBN 924154612 3.
  4. ↑ ORDINACE.CZ,. Laboratorní hodnoty : in Czech: Normal values for laboratory tests The database has been created in collaboration with the Institute of clinical biochemistry and laboratory diagnostics, General University Hospital in Prague [online]. Pears Health Cyber, s. r. o. 2012, The last revision 2012-02-21, [cit. 2012-02-24]. <http://www.ordinace.cz/laboratorni-hodnoty/238/#detail>.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

  • BENCKO, Vladimir, et al. Hygiene and epidemiology : selected chapters. 2. edition. Prague. 2008. ISBN 80-246-0793-X.
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