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(FInal save and changes after creating this page. A significant part of the text originates in a Czech version of this site at www.wikiskripta.eu, but I also used other sources.)
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{{Infobox - kost
| latinsky = Scapula
| obrázek = Gray202.png
| popisek = Lopatka z přední strany
| česky = lopatka
| eponymně =
| TA = {{TA|02.4.01.001}}
| artikulující kosti = humerus, clavicula
| typ artikulace = kulový volný kloub v articulatio humeri, plochý kloub v articulatio acromioclaviculare
| funkce =
| osifikace = chondrogenní
}}
[[Soubor:Scapula ant numbered.png|thumb|250px|Lopatka z přední strany, s popisky]]
[[Soubor:Scapula post numbered.png|thumb|250px|Lopatka zezadu, s popisky]]
'''Scapula''' (''shoulder bone, shoulder blade, wing bone'') is a flat bone, triangular in shape. It is placed on a posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage, ranging from the level of the second rib to the level of the seventh rib.
'''Scapula''' (''shoulder bone, shoulder blade, wing bone'') is a flat bone, triangular in shape. It is placed on a posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage, ranging from the level of the second rib to the level of the seventh rib.


Scapula connects with the humerus (upper arm bone) in the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint and the clavicula (collar bone) in the acromioclavicular joint. There is no direct connection between the thoracic cage and scapula. It is held in place thanks to surrounding muscles.
Scapula connects with the humerus (upper arm bone) in the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint and the clavicula (collar bone) in the acromioclavicular joint. There is no direct connection between the thoracic cage and scapula. It is held in place thanks to the surrounding muscles.


'''Main functions of the scapula are:'''
'''Main functions of the scapula are:'''
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Protecting of the thoracic cavity from the dorsal side
Protecting of the thoracic cavity from the dorsal side
The name ''scapula'' comes from early Roman times, meaning a small shovel.


==Borders==
==Borders==
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The three borders of the scapula are:
The three borders of the scapula are:


;''Margo medialis'':medial border, parallel to the longitudinal axis of the spine
;''Margo medialis'':Medial border, parallel to the longitudinal axis of the spine
;''Margo lateralis'':lateral, or axillary border
;''Margo lateralis'':Lateral, or axillary border
;''Margo superior'':superior border
;''Margo superior'':Superior border


==Angles==
==Angles==
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Borders of the scapula connect in three angles:
Borders of the scapula connect in three angles:


;''Angulus superior'':''Superior'' and ''medial'' border
;''Angulus superior'':Superior and medial border
;''Angulus inferior'':''Medial and lateral border
;''Angulus inferior'':Medial and lateral border
;''Angulus lateralis'':Lateral and superior border
;''Angulus lateralis'':Lateral and superior border


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===Dorsal surface===
===Dorsal surface===
The back of the scapula is divided into two unequal parts by the spine of the scapula (spina scapulae). The spine ends in a process called the acromion. The acromion forms the cavity of the glenohumeral joint.
The back of the scapula is divided into two unequal parts by the ''spine of the scapula'' . The ''spine'' ends in a process called the ''acromion''. The acromion forms the cavity of the [[glenohumeral joint]].
The portion of the dorsal surface above the spine is called the supraspinous fossa. M. supraspinatus originates there.
 
The portion of the dorsal surface below the spine is called the infraspinous fossa, much larger than the supraspionous fossa. M. infraspinatus originates there.
The portion of the dorsal surface above the spine is called the '''supraspinous fossa'''. ''[[Musculus supraspinatus|M. supraspinatus]]'' originates there.
Both muscles are parts of the rotator cuff, rotating the humerus and providing stability for the glenohumeral joint.
 
The coracoid process originates from the superior border.
The portion of the dorsal surface below the spine is called the '''infraspinous fossa'''. It is much larger than the supraspionous fossa. ''[[M. infraspinatus]]'' originates there.
 
Both muscles are parts of the [[rotator cuff]], rotating the [[humerus]] and providing stability for the [[glenohumeral joint]].
 
The ''coracoid process'' originates from the superior border.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[File:Scapula post num.JPG|left|thumb|Left scapula from the back side, numbered]]
!
# Lateral angle
# Acromion
# Coracoid process
# Spine
# Supraspinous fossa
# Infraspinous fossa
# Medial border
# Lateral border
|}


===Ventral surface===
===Ventral surface===
The front of the scapula has a concavity called the subscapular fossa. M. subscapularis originates in the fossa.
The front of the scapula has a concavity called the '''subscapular fossa'''. ''[[Subscapular muscle|M. subscapularis]]'' originates in the fossa.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[File:Scapula ant num.JPG|thumb|Left scapula from the front side, numbered]]
!
# Glenoid cavity
# Acromion
# Coracoid process
# Infraglenoid tubercle
# Superior angle
# Subscapular fossa
# Inferior angle
|}


===Lateral surface===
===Lateral surface===
The glenoid cavity can be found at the lateral angle. The acromion the the coracoid process make its top border.
[[File:Gray205 left scapula lateral view.png|thumb|407x407px|Left scapula from the lateral side]]
The glenoid cavity can be found at the lateral angle. The acromion and the coracoid process make its top border.
 
Above and below the cavity, two tubercles serve as origins of muscles:
Above and below the cavity, two tubercles serve as origins of muscles:
Supraglenoid tubercle - origin of the long head of m. biceps brachii
 
Infraglenoid tubercle - origin of the long head of m. triceps brachii
;''Supraglenoid tubercle''
:Origin of the long head of ''[[Musculus biceps brachii|m. biceps brachii]]''
 
;''Infraglenoid tubercle''
:Origin of the long head of ''[[Musculus triceps brachii|m. triceps brachii]]''
 
 
 
 
== References ==
Scapula. ''Scapula'' [online]. [cit. 2019-11-09]. Dostupné z: <nowiki>https://www.wikiskripta.eu/w/Scapula</nowiki>
 
Scapula. In: ''Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia'' [online]. San Francisco (CA): Wikimedia Foundation, 2019 [cit. 2019-11-09]. Dostupné z: <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapula</nowiki>
 
HUDÁK, Radovan a David KACHLÍK. ''Memorix anatomie''. 4. vydání. Praha: Triton, 2017. <nowiki>ISBN 978-80-7553-420-0</nowiki>.
 
ČIHÁK, Radomír. ''Anatomie''. Třetí, upravené a doplněné vydání. Praha: Grada, 2016. <nowiki>ISBN 978-80-247-3817-8</nowiki>.

Revision as of 19:27, 9 November 2019

Scapula (shoulder bone, shoulder blade, wing bone) is a flat bone, triangular in shape. It is placed on a posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage, ranging from the level of the second rib to the level of the seventh rib.

Scapula connects with the humerus (upper arm bone) in the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint and the clavicula (collar bone) in the acromioclavicular joint. There is no direct connection between the thoracic cage and scapula. It is held in place thanks to the surrounding muscles.

Main functions of the scapula are:

Being the origin and instertion of various muscles

Helping the movement of the upper limb (thanks to forces redirected by fornix humeri)

Protecting of the thoracic cavity from the dorsal side


The name scapula comes from early Roman times, meaning a small shovel.

Borders

The three borders of the scapula are:

Margo medialis
Medial border, parallel to the longitudinal axis of the spine
Margo lateralis
Lateral, or axillary border
Margo superior
Superior border

Angles

Borders of the scapula connect in three angles:

Angulus superior
Superior and medial border
Angulus inferior
Medial and lateral border
Angulus lateralis
Lateral and superior border

Surfaces

Dorsal surface

The back of the scapula is divided into two unequal parts by the spine of the scapula . The spine ends in a process called the acromion. The acromion forms the cavity of the glenohumeral joint.

The portion of the dorsal surface above the spine is called the supraspinous fossa. M. supraspinatus originates there.

The portion of the dorsal surface below the spine is called the infraspinous fossa. It is much larger than the supraspionous fossa. M. infraspinatus originates there.

Both muscles are parts of the rotator cuff, rotating the humerus and providing stability for the glenohumeral joint.

The coracoid process originates from the superior border.

Left scapula from the back side, numbered
  1. Lateral angle
  2. Acromion
  3. Coracoid process
  4. Spine
  5. Supraspinous fossa
  6. Infraspinous fossa
  7. Medial border
  8. Lateral border

Ventral surface

The front of the scapula has a concavity called the subscapular fossa. M. subscapularis originates in the fossa.

Left scapula from the front side, numbered
  1. Glenoid cavity
  2. Acromion
  3. Coracoid process
  4. Infraglenoid tubercle
  5. Superior angle
  6. Subscapular fossa
  7. Inferior angle

Lateral surface

Left scapula from the lateral side

The glenoid cavity can be found at the lateral angle. The acromion and the coracoid process make its top border.

Above and below the cavity, two tubercles serve as origins of muscles:

Supraglenoid tubercle
Origin of the long head of m. biceps brachii
Infraglenoid tubercle
Origin of the long head of m. triceps brachii



References

Scapula. Scapula [online]. [cit. 2019-11-09]. Dostupné z: https://www.wikiskripta.eu/w/Scapula

Scapula. In: Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [online]. San Francisco (CA): Wikimedia Foundation, 2019 [cit. 2019-11-09]. Dostupné z: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapula

HUDÁK, Radovan a David KACHLÍK. Memorix anatomie. 4. vydání. Praha: Triton, 2017. ISBN 978-80-7553-420-0.

ČIHÁK, Radomír. Anatomie. Třetí, upravené a doplněné vydání. Praha: Grada, 2016. ISBN 978-80-247-3817-8.

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