Preschooler: Difference between revisions
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''' | By '''preschool''' we mean a '''child from 3 to 6 years''' of age (i.e. 3 calendar years). At the end of this period, most children are able to start school.<ref name="Lebl3">{{Citace |typ = kniha |příjmení1 = Lebl |jméno1 = Jan |příjmení2 = Provazník |jméno2 = Kamil |příjmení3 = Hejcmanová |jméno3 = Ludmila |kolektiv = ano |titul = Preklinická pediatrie |vydání = 2|místo = Praha |vydavatel = Galén |rok = 2007 |strany = 3-5|isbn = 978-80-7262-438-6}}</ref> | ||
=== | ===Motor development=== | ||
* | *there is further refinement, improvement of movement coordination, greater agility and elegance of movement; | ||
* | *a four-year-old child runs well, runs nimbly down stairs, jumps, hops, climbs a ladder, jumps off a low bench, stands longer on 1 leg, can throw a ball; | ||
* | *he eats independently, undresses and dresses himself, puts on his shoes and tries to tie his laces; needs only a little help when toileting; he can wash his hands well and can bathe himself under supervision; likes to "help" with simpler household chores and complete small assigned tasks; | ||
* | *drawing: a three-year-old child can imitate the different direction of the line (vertical, horizontal, circular) according to the model, draws a cross; a five-year-old imitates a square, a six-year-old a triangle; | ||
* | *drawing of a person: first roughly depicts the head, legs and main parts of the face (mouth, eyes) - a "cephalopod", a five-year-old child also draws the torso with limbs, but the body proportions are still random.<ref name="Langmeier87">{{Citace | typ = kniha| isbn = 978-80-247-1284-0| příjmení1 = Langmeier| jméno1 = Josef| příjmení2 = Krejčířová| jméno2 = Dana| titul = Vývojová psychologie| vydání = 2| místo = Praha| vydavatel = Grada Publishing| rok = 2006| rozsah = 368|strany =87-103}}</ref> | ||
=== | ===Speech development=== | ||
* | *speech, vocabulary and sentence structure are improved; | ||
* | *at age 4 uses approximately 1500 words and intelligible sentences of 5 words; | ||
* | *at age 6 uses about 2,500 words and comprehensible sentences of 6-7 words;<ref name="Lebl7" /> | ||
* | *first uses coordinating conjunctions and before the end of the 3rd year also subordinate clauses ; | ||
* | *interest in spoken language is growing - three- and four-year-old children can already listen to short stories for a longer period of time; | ||
* | *a three-year-old usually knows some nursery rhymes; | ||
* | *the development of speech enables the development of knowledge about himself and the surrounding world - a three-year-old child usually knows his full name, tells his gender when asked, correctly identifies the main colors and, around the age of 5, gives a simple definition of familiar things (mostly purpose, material and shape); | ||
* | *can recite (albeit sometimes skipping) a number line up to about ten and matches number names to counted objects; before the age of 5 understands what number means (ie knows that number is determined by the last number that occurred during counting); at the age of 6, he correctly determines the number of subjects (up to approx. 10), if he has illustrative material.<ref name="Langmeier87" /> | ||
=== | ===Psychosocial development=== | ||
* | *around the age of 4, the development of intelligence shifts from pre-conceptual (symbolic) to conceptual (intuitive) thinking, he thinks in holistic terms; | ||
* | *they can already draw conclusions (e.g. assess what is less and what is more), but these judgments are completely dependent on opinion, usually on visual form; thinking does not yet proceed according to logical operations - it is pre-logical, pre-operational (e.g. there are the same number of beads in 2 identical glasses, after pouring all the beads from 1 glass into a glass of a different shape, the child shows that there are "more beads in the glass with a narrower bottom because it is the higher"); | ||
*'''Jean Piaget''' | *'''Jean Piaget''' calls the period between 2 and 6 years '''<nowiki/>' ''preoperational'<nowiki/>'''''; | ||
*'''Sigmund Freud''' | *'''Sigmund Freud''' calls the period between the ages of 3 and 6 '''''the Oedipal phase''''', because attachment to parents of the opposite sex dominates, then, on the contrary, attachment to parents of the same sex is strengthened; | ||
*''' | *'''thinking''' is still tied to the child's own activity - it is '''egocentric''' (e.g. the child covers his eyes so that others cannot see him), '''anthropomorphic''' (humanizes everything - "Cups are angry!", attributes human feelings to inanimate objects), '''magical''' (allows changing facts according to own wish) and '''artificialistic''' (everything is "done"); they think that humans control all natural events; | ||
* | *perceives the world egocentrically, does not understand the relationship between cause and effect and often interprets it wrongly egocentrically ("Daddy left us because I was naughty") - therefore everything needs to be thoroughly explained to the child so that he does not suffer from unjustified feelings of guilt; | ||
* | *the preschooler learns to manipulate the symbolic world - he cannot yet separate reality from fantasy very well; '''it is a period of night terrors and fear of ghosts'''; | ||
* | *unrealistic thinking peaks between 3-5 years; | ||
* | *already at the age of 4 he partially understands death (of people, animals and plants), around the age of 6 he fully understands death with its universality, irreversibility, finality and causality; | ||
* | *pre-school age is '''a period of play: at first common - associative play''' predominates , then comes '''cooperative play''' - organized in cooperation and with the division of roles; often based on fantasy; | ||
* | *'''around 3-4 years of age, the rivalry''' between children is clearly manifested.<ref name="Langmeier87" /><ref name="Lebl7">{{Citace |typ = kniha |příjmení1 = Lebl |jméno1 = Jan |příjmení2 = Provazník |jméno2 = Kamil |příjmení3 = Hejcmanová |jméno3 = Ludmila |kolektiv = ano |titul = Preklinická pediatrie |vydání = 2|místo = Praha |vydavatel = Galén |rok = 2007 |strany = 48-71|isbn = 978-80-7262-438-6}}</ref> | ||
=== | ===Child growth period=== | ||
* | *a period of stable growth between the dynamic periods of infantile and pubertal growth; | ||
* | *between 2 and 11 years of age, the growth curve is almost linear and does not differ significantly between boys and girls; | ||
* | *the action of growth hormone is applied; | ||
* | *the child grows along the percentile, which is determined by the growth potential of the parents, at least 5 cm per year;<ref name="Lebl7" /> | ||
* | *it gains 1.5 kg per year.<ref name="JirBen">{{Citace|typ = web|příjmení1 = Beneš|jméno1 = Jiří|název = Studijní materiály|rok = 2007|citováno = 2009|url = http://www.jirben.wz.cz/}}</ref> | ||
== | ==Links== | ||
=== | ===Related passwords=== | ||
*[[Rozdělení dětského věku]]: [[Novorozenec]] ▪ [[Kojenec]] ▪ [[Batole]] ▪ [[Školák]] ▪ [[Dospívající]] | *[[Rozdělení dětského věku]]: [[Novorozenec]] ▪ [[Kojenec]] ▪ [[Batole]] ▪ [[Školák]] ▪ [[Dospívající]] | ||
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*[[Výživa dětí]] | *[[Výživa dětí]] | ||
=== | ===References=== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Kategorie:Pediatrie]] | [[Kategorie:Pediatrie]] | ||
Revision as of 13:18, 7 April 2023
By preschool we mean a child from 3 to 6 years of age (i.e. 3 calendar years). At the end of this period, most children are able to start school.[1]
Motor development
- there is further refinement, improvement of movement coordination, greater agility and elegance of movement;
- a four-year-old child runs well, runs nimbly down stairs, jumps, hops, climbs a ladder, jumps off a low bench, stands longer on 1 leg, can throw a ball;
- he eats independently, undresses and dresses himself, puts on his shoes and tries to tie his laces; needs only a little help when toileting; he can wash his hands well and can bathe himself under supervision; likes to "help" with simpler household chores and complete small assigned tasks;
- drawing: a three-year-old child can imitate the different direction of the line (vertical, horizontal, circular) according to the model, draws a cross; a five-year-old imitates a square, a six-year-old a triangle;
- drawing of a person: first roughly depicts the head, legs and main parts of the face (mouth, eyes) - a "cephalopod", a five-year-old child also draws the torso with limbs, but the body proportions are still random.[2]
Speech development
- speech, vocabulary and sentence structure are improved;
- at age 4 uses approximately 1500 words and intelligible sentences of 5 words;
- at age 6 uses about 2,500 words and comprehensible sentences of 6-7 words;[3]
- first uses coordinating conjunctions and before the end of the 3rd year also subordinate clauses ;
- interest in spoken language is growing - three- and four-year-old children can already listen to short stories for a longer period of time;
- a three-year-old usually knows some nursery rhymes;
- the development of speech enables the development of knowledge about himself and the surrounding world - a three-year-old child usually knows his full name, tells his gender when asked, correctly identifies the main colors and, around the age of 5, gives a simple definition of familiar things (mostly purpose, material and shape);
- can recite (albeit sometimes skipping) a number line up to about ten and matches number names to counted objects; before the age of 5 understands what number means (ie knows that number is determined by the last number that occurred during counting); at the age of 6, he correctly determines the number of subjects (up to approx. 10), if he has illustrative material.[2]
Psychosocial development
- around the age of 4, the development of intelligence shifts from pre-conceptual (symbolic) to conceptual (intuitive) thinking, he thinks in holistic terms;
- they can already draw conclusions (e.g. assess what is less and what is more), but these judgments are completely dependent on opinion, usually on visual form; thinking does not yet proceed according to logical operations - it is pre-logical, pre-operational (e.g. there are the same number of beads in 2 identical glasses, after pouring all the beads from 1 glass into a glass of a different shape, the child shows that there are "more beads in the glass with a narrower bottom because it is the higher");
- Jean Piaget calls the period between 2 and 6 years ' preoperational';
- Sigmund Freud calls the period between the ages of 3 and 6 the Oedipal phase, because attachment to parents of the opposite sex dominates, then, on the contrary, attachment to parents of the same sex is strengthened;
- thinking is still tied to the child's own activity - it is egocentric (e.g. the child covers his eyes so that others cannot see him), anthropomorphic (humanizes everything - "Cups are angry!", attributes human feelings to inanimate objects), magical (allows changing facts according to own wish) and artificialistic (everything is "done"); they think that humans control all natural events;
- perceives the world egocentrically, does not understand the relationship between cause and effect and often interprets it wrongly egocentrically ("Daddy left us because I was naughty") - therefore everything needs to be thoroughly explained to the child so that he does not suffer from unjustified feelings of guilt;
- the preschooler learns to manipulate the symbolic world - he cannot yet separate reality from fantasy very well; it is a period of night terrors and fear of ghosts;
- unrealistic thinking peaks between 3-5 years;
- already at the age of 4 he partially understands death (of people, animals and plants), around the age of 6 he fully understands death with its universality, irreversibility, finality and causality;
- pre-school age is a period of play: at first common - associative play predominates , then comes cooperative play - organized in cooperation and with the division of roles; often based on fantasy;
- around 3-4 years of age, the rivalry between children is clearly manifested.[2][3]
Child growth period
- a period of stable growth between the dynamic periods of infantile and pubertal growth;
- between 2 and 11 years of age, the growth curve is almost linear and does not differ significantly between boys and girls;
- the action of growth hormone is applied;
- the child grows along the percentile, which is determined by the growth potential of the parents, at least 5 cm per year;[3]
- it gains 1.5 kg per year.[4]
Links
Related passwords
- Rozdělení dětského věku: Novorozenec ▪ Kojenec ▪ Batole ▪ Školák ▪ Dospívající
- Psychomotorický vývoj dítěte ▪ Neuromotorický vývoj dítěte ▪ Psychosociální vývoj dítěte ▪ Růst a vývoj dítěte
- Výživa dětí
References
- ↑
- ↑ Jump up to: a b c
- ↑ Jump up to: a b c
- ↑
