Structure and function of individual parts of immunoglobulins. Classes of immunoglobulins, properties and functions. Monoclonal antibodies - preparation, use.: Difference between revisions
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Immunoglobulins are class of proteins produced by B cells and plasma cells. Another term used to refer to Immunoglobulins are antibodies. They serve as line of defense against pathogens that invade our body. <ref>''NCI Dictionary of Cancer terms'' (no date) ''Comprehensive Cancer Information - NCI''. Available at: <nowiki>https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/immunoglobulin</nowiki> (Accessed: 03 April 2025). </ref>  
Immunoglobulins are class of proteins produced by B cells and plasma cells. Another term used to refer to Immunoglobulins are antibodies. They serve as line of defense by binding to antigens that correspond to the pathogens that invade our body. <ref>''NCI Dictionary of Cancer terms'' (no date) ''Comprehensive Cancer Information - NCI''. Available at: <nowiki>https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/immunoglobulin</nowiki> (Accessed: 03 April 2025). </ref>


== Structure and function of Immunoglobulins ==
Basic structure :


Antibodies as a monomer can be visualized as Y shaped The components of Immunoglobulins are two small polypeptide chains and two large polypeptide chains and in each respective pair, the polypeptide chains are identical. There are five major classes of immunoglobulins, of which the most abundant in human sera are gamma globulins. <ref>Lieberman, M. and Peet, A. (2018) ''Marks’ basic medical biochemistry: A clinical approach''. 5th edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. </ref>
Antibodies are Y shaped glycoproteins consisting of two small polypeptide chains and two large polypeptide chains. In each respective pair, the polypeptide chains are identical. There are five major classes of immunoglobulins, of which the most abundant in human sera are gamma globulins. Each short arms of the Y shaped glycoprotein are composed of a pair of chains; light chain and heavy chain held together by disulfide bonds. The two arms are held together by one or more disulfide bonds by the hinge.  <ref>Lieberman, M. and Peet, A. (2018) ''Marks’ basic medical biochemistry: A clinical approach''. 5th edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. </ref>  


== Structure and function of Immunoglobulins ==
The Antibodies can be divided into two fragments; 
Key structures integral to the function of immunoglobulins
 
* Fc : a homogenous portion which can be crystallized
* Antigen binding region : Fab2 : this region of the antibody binds to antigens
** Thsi region consist of heavy and one of two types of light chains


Variable regions and constant regions are found on both 
Specific features of antibodies


* Variable region
* Hinge regions : this regions provides the characteristic of flexibility that further enables the antibody to bind to the antigen
* In Fab, each heavy chain binds one of two different kinds of light chains; kappa and lambda
* There are five types of heavy chains recognized in humans


== References ==
== References ==
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Revision as of 19:27, 3 April 2025

Immunoglobulins are class of proteins produced by B cells and plasma cells. Another term used to refer to Immunoglobulins are antibodies. They serve as line of defense by binding to antigens that correspond to the pathogens that invade our body. [1]

Structure and function of Immunoglobulins

Basic structure :

Antibodies are Y shaped glycoproteins consisting of two small polypeptide chains and two large polypeptide chains. In each respective pair, the polypeptide chains are identical. There are five major classes of immunoglobulins, of which the most abundant in human sera are gamma globulins. Each short arms of the Y shaped glycoprotein are composed of a pair of chains; light chain and heavy chain held together by disulfide bonds. The two arms are held together by one or more disulfide bonds by the hinge. [2]

The Antibodies can be divided into two fragments;

  • Fc : a homogenous portion which can be crystallized
  • Antigen binding region : Fab2 : this region of the antibody binds to antigens
    • Thsi region consist of heavy and one of two types of light chains

Specific features of antibodies

  • Hinge regions : this regions provides the characteristic of flexibility that further enables the antibody to bind to the antigen
  • In Fab, each heavy chain binds one of two different kinds of light chains; kappa and lambda
  • There are five types of heavy chains recognized in humans

References

  1. ↑ NCI Dictionary of Cancer terms (no date) Comprehensive Cancer Information - NCI. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/immunoglobulin (Accessed: 03 April 2025).
  2. ↑ Lieberman, M. and Peet, A. (2018) Marks’ basic medical biochemistry: A clinical approach. 5th edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.
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