Diagnosis of helicobacter infection
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The bacterium Helicobacter pylori is the only one of the bacteria that is marked by the WHO classification as a class 1 carcinogen. Its presence in the gastric mucosa positively affects the presence and development of gastritis, stomach ulcers and gastric cancer.

To diagnose H. pylori infection, we can use invasive and non-invasive methods.

Invasive tests

Invasive tests mainly include biopsy of the gastric mucosa or duodenum. The collected sample can then be cultivated, using a rapid urease test or PCR.

  • Kultivační test vykazuje nejvyšší senzitivitu i specificitu. Avšak bakterie jsou velmi citlivé na kyslík, proto odběr a transport vyžadují speciální podmínky.
  • Rychlý ureázový test (CLO) je založen na intenzivní aktivitě ureázy, což je povrchový marker bakterie. Tento test je rutinním průkazem při endoskopii.
  • Mezi novější testy patří imunologickým průkaz bakterie – tzv. metoda iRUT – a metoda PCR, která prokáže bakterii v biopsiích i ve vzorcích stolice.


Neinvazivní testy

Mezi neinvazivní testy patří ureázový dechový test, který je v dnešní době zlatým standardem, průkaz povrchových antigenů bakterie a stanovení protilátek proti H. pylori v séru či vzorku moči.

  • Dechový test (UBT – Urea Breath Test) je založený na detekci ureázové aktivity. Určuje se změna poměru 13CO2 : 12CO2 ve vydechovaném vzduchu po rozštěpení perorálně podané močoviny značené stabilním izotopem uhlíku 13C. Tento test se používá hlavně pro primární diagnostiku díky vysoké specificitě a senzitivitě.
  • Stanovení povrchových antigenů Helicobacter pylori ve stolici. Tento test je vhodný pro sledování průběhu eradikační léčby. Iron

náhled|Co ovlivňuje výsledek infekce H. pylori First definition of ecotoxicology (1969): René Truhaut: the study of the adverse effects of chemicals with the aim of protecting natural species and communities. Rachel Carson (1962): the memoir The Silent Spring highlights the use of pesticides , especially DDT and other agrochemicals. The book led to the establishment of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the USA. Introduction of methods describing the toxic effects of human-produced substances on the environment and the organisms contained therein. Systematic implementation of fish toxicity testing methods. In addition to direct toxic effects, the effects of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation are studied – increases in the concentration of foreign substances in the tissues of organisms as a result of exposure from the environment.

2004 EC ratification: Persistent Organic Pollutants Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution The aim of the protocol is to limit, reduce or eliminate the discharge, emissions and losses of persistent organic pollutants that have significant adverse effects on human health or the environment due to long-range transboundary air transport.

In 2006 , Regulation No. 166/2006 of the European Parliament and the EC Council was issued, establishing the European Register of Releases and Transfers of Pollutants . It represents a publicly accessible database of pollutant releases into the air, water and soil, information on wastewater, information on pollutant releases from dispersed sources.

In 2003 , the proposal for a new framework for legislation covering the safety of chemicals REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) was accepted by the European Commission and approved by the European Parliament . Enterprises and firms that import more than 1 ton of a chemical compound per year will be forced to register this chemical in a central data bank. The aim is to improve the protection of the health of nature, including people, to increase the innovation capacity and the ability of the chemical industry to compete in the European Union. The new measures concern not only new chemical substances introduced to the market, but also substances that have been used for a long time. The program aims to ensure that by 2020 at the latest, only chemical substances with known properties and in a way that does not harm human health and the environment are used.

GastroPanel

GastroPanel je neinvazivní metoda, kdy stanovením hladin určitých parametrů můžeme vyhodnotit riziko infekce H. pylori a riziko rozvoje atrofické gastritidy či karcinomu žaludku. Mezi tyto parametry patří:


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Kategorie:Gastroenterologie Kategorie:Mikrobiologie Kategorie:Bakterie