Hypovolemic shock
Hypovolemic shock is a sudden disorder of organ and tissue perfusion that leads to organ changes and threatens the patient's life. It originates from a relative or absolute lack of intravascular fluid. It arises from the following causes:
- External and internal bleeding (so-called hemorrhagic shock),
- Fluid sequestration (ascites, fluidothorax, …),
- Large fluid losses (diarrhoea, vomiting, polyuria, burns, …).
Hypovolemic shock:
Pathogenesis[edit | edit source]
- There is a decrease in venous return and thus a decrease in cardiac output and systolic BP.
- With losses less than 10% of blood volume - the cardiac index is not reduced or significant arterial hypotension (or only orthostatic hypotension) due to the activation of the sympathoadrenal system - cardiac output is redistributed, absorption of fluid from the interstitium, tachycardia, oliguria (increased secretion ADH).
- Loss of more than 20-30% of blood volume - reduction of cardiac output, blood pressure initially kept high enough (due to contraction of precapillary sphincters with hypoperfusion of less important organs - but gradually their function is damaged - e.g., in the lungs only the lung base is perfused with blood, the upper lung lobes represent a dead space that can lead to hypoventilation), later BP drops - tachycardia is joined by hypotension, cold acral parts of the body, oliguria to anuria and acidosis (lactic, possibly even respiratory), with plasma losses and dehydration, and additionally an increase in hematocrit.
Main shock parameters[edit | edit source]
- Depending on the amount of lost blood (systolic blood pressure, pulse, diuresis):
| Assessing the severity of shock by blood loss (assessed weight 70 kg, 5 L circulating blood volume) [1] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| estimated blood loss | BP (mmHg) | heart rate (beats/min) | diuresis | state of consciousness | respiratory rate | liquid to replenish the volume |
| < 15% (<750ml) | norm | norm | norm | slightly anxious | 14−20/min | crystalloids |
| 15−30% (750−1 500 ml) | under 100 | >100 | oliguria | anxious | 20−30/min | crystalloids |
| 30−40% (1 500−2 000 ml) | below 90 | >120 | anuria | confusion | 30−40/min | crystalloids+blood |
| > 40% (>2 000ml) | under 60 | >140 | anuria | lethargy | >30/min | crystalloids+blood |
- Oliguria = below 500 ml/day (20 ml/hour).
- Anuria = below 100 ml/day (4 ml/hour).
- A perfusion pressure of 90 mmHg is the lowest pressure for normal functioning of most tissues.
- A perfusion pressure of 60 mmHg is the lowest pressure for normal brain activity.
- A heart rate above 100/min and a systolic pressure below 100 torr is considered the "start of shock".
- The shock index, i.e. the ratio between heart rate and systolic blood pressure, is also used for evaluation:
- normal HR / systolic BP = 60 / 120 = 0.5
- start of shock (compensation) 100 / 100 = 1
- severe shock (decompensation) 120 / 60 = 2
Clinical picture[edit | edit source]
= so-called cold hypotension:
- Clinical picture given by hypovolemia: hypotension, oliguria to anuria, reduced CVP (central venous pressure) (as opposed to cardiogenic shock),
- Clinical picture given by compensatory mechanisms: tachycardia, tachypnea, sweating, pallor of the limbs.
Prognosis[edit | edit source]
- good
- this shock is the only type of shock that can be intervened by replenishing fluids
- 80% survive
Links[edit | edit source]
Original text is from WikiSkripta https://www.wikiskripta.eu/w/Hypovolemick%C3%BD_%C5%A1ok
Related Articles[edit | edit source]
Source[edit | edit source]
- PASTOR, Jan. Langenbeck's medical web page [online]. [cit. 30.5.2010]. <https://langenbeck.webs.com/>.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ LONGMORE, J. M. (J. Murray). Oxford handbook of clinical medicine. 8. edition. Oxford : Oxford university press, 2010. 0 pp. ISBN 9780199232178.
Hypovolemic shock is a sudden disorder of organ and tissue perfusion that leads to organ changes and threatens the patient's life. It originates from a relative or absolute lack of intravascular fluid. It arises from the following causes:
External and internal
bleeding
(so-called hemorrhagic shock),
Fluid sequestration (
ascites
,
fluidothorax
, …),
Large fluid losses (
diarrhoea
,
vomiting
,
polyuria
,
burns
, …).
Hypovolemic shock:
Pathogenesis
There is a decrease in venous return and thus a decrease in cardiac output and systolic
BP
.
With losses less than 10% of blood volume - the cardiac index is not reduced or significant
arterial hypotension
(or only
orthostatic hypotension
) due to the activation of the sympathoadrenal system - cardiac output is redistributed, absorption of fluid from the interstitium, tachycardia, oliguria (increased secretion
ADH
).
Loss of more than 20-30% of blood volume - reduction of cardiac output, blood pressure initially kept high enough (due to contraction of precapillary sphincters with hypoperfusion of less important organs - but gradually their function is damaged - e.g., in the lungs only the lung base is perfused with blood, the upper lung lobes represent a dead space that can lead to hypoventilation), later BP drops - tachycardia is joined by
hypotension
, cold
acral
parts of the body, oliguria to anuria and acidosis (lactic, possibly even respiratory), with plasma losses and dehydration, and additionally an increase in hematocrit.
Main shock parameters
Depending on the amount of lost blood (systolic blood pressure, pulse, diuresis):
Assessing the severity of shock by blood loss (assessed weight 70 kg, 5 L circulating blood volume) [1] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
estimated blood loss | BP (mmHg) | heart rate (beats/min) | diuresis | state of consciousness | respiratory rate | liquid to replenish the volume |
< 15% (<750ml) | norm | norm | norm | slightly anxious | 14−20/min | crystalloids |
15−30% (750−1 500 ml) | under 100 | >100 | oliguria | anxious | 20−30/min | crystalloids |
30−40% (1 500−2 000 ml) | below 90 | >120 | anuria | confusion | 30−40/min | crystalloids+blood |
> 40% (>2 000ml) | under 60 | >140 | anuria | lethargy | >30/min | crystalloids+blood |
Oliguria = below 500 ml/day (20 ml/hour).
Anuria = below 100 ml/day (4 ml/hour).
A perfusion pressure of 90 mmHg is the lowest pressure for normal functioning of most tissues.
A perfusion pressure of 60 mmHg is the lowest pressure for normal brain activity.
A heart rate above 100/min and a systolic pressure below 100 torr is considered the "start of shock".
The shock index, i.e. the ratio between heart rate and systolic blood pressure, is also used for evaluation:
normal HR / systolic BP = 60 / 120 = 0.5
start of shock (compensation) 100 / 100 = 1
severe shock (decompensation) 120 / 60 = 2
Clinical picture
= so-called cold hypotension:
Clinical picture given by hypovolemia: hypotension, oliguria to anuria, reduced CVP (central venous pressure) (as opposed to cardiogenic shock),
Clinical picture given by compensatory mechanisms: tachycardia, tachypnea, sweating, pallor of the limbs.
Prognosis
good
this shock is the only type of shock that can be intervened by replenishing fluids
80% survive
Links
Original text is from WikiSkripta https://www.wikiskripta.eu/w/Hypovolemick%C3%BD_%C5%A1ok
Related Articles
Source
- PASTOR, Jan. Langenbeck's medical web page [online]. [cit. 30.5.2010]. <https://langenbeck.webs.com/>.
References
- ↑ LONGMORE, J. M. (J. Murray). Oxford handbook of clinical medicine. 8. edition. Oxford : Oxford university press, 2010. 0 pp. ISBN 9780199232178.
