LF3 Pathophysiology exam questions 2020: Difference between revisions

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Last update: Sunday, 22 Jan 2023 at 2.05 pm.

Timestamps of the exact time of the video where the answer is hidden will be added soon.

1. Sleep disorders, EEG

https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Sleep

2. Acid-base balance disturbances, overview

COPD

3. Acute complications of diabetes mellitus

https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Acute_complications_of_diabetes_mellitus

4. Acute pressure changes in systemic circulation (causes and consequences)

5. Acute stress reaction, cardiovascular and metabolic changes

6. Arrhythmias - overview

Sinus and supraventricular rhythms

Extrasystole

AV blocks

7. Balance disturbances: Na, K (regulation, losses, consequences)

E.g.: Hyperaldosteronism

Secondary hyperaldosteronism

Addison's disease

SIADH

Hypernatremia - 3 patients

8. Blood gas transport disorder – overview

Hypoxia - table

O2 delivery formula:

9. Blood pressure regulation and its disorders

e.g.: Primary hyperaldosteronism

Secondary hyperaldosteronism

Shock - table

Do not forget neuropathies, where also ANS can be impaired...

10. Long lasting starvation consequences,catabolic states (examples), immobilisation

11. Causes and consequences of extracorporeal fluid loss (bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.)

12. Causes and consequences of arterial hypertension

e.g.: Primary hyperaldosteronism

Secondary hyperaldosteronism

13. Causes and consequences of hypoventilation

Respiratory acidosis

Hypoxia - table

Hypoxic hypoxia - V/Q mismatch

Cyanosis

14. Causes and consequences of local edemas (compartment syndrome)

15. Causes and consequences of osmolarity changes in extracellular

16. Causes and consequences of potassium level changes

17. Causes of arrhythmia (extra- and intracardial)

E.g.

18. Circulatory shock states (definition and general division), differences in compensation

19. Compensatory mechanisms during hypovolemic shock

20. Compensatory mechanisms during shock states (comparison and importance)

21. Conduction abnormalities in the heart

AV blocks

22. Disorders of consciousness (general mechanisms of origin, brain death)

Consciousness - quantity

Consciousness - quality

tLOC

Prolonged loss of consciousness

Brain death

23. Consequences of acute and chronic bleeding (compensation)

Acute bleeding

e.g. circulatory shock

e.g. sideropenic anemia as a consequence of chronic bleeding

e.g. definition of anemia

24. Consequences of chronic stress

25. Poisonings affecting the autonomic nervous system - organophosphates, atropine, muscarinic, cocaine

26. Dehydration (types, causes and consequences)

isotonic dehydration

hypotonic dehydration

hypertonic dehydration

27. Hyperglycemia (causes and consequences)

e.g. in Cushing's disease https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Cushing%27s_disease

28. Disorders of fluid balance (causes and consequences)

29. Disorders of heart signal generation

Sinus and supraventricular = atrial rhythm

Extrasystole

30. Distributive shock, mechanisms, compensation

Septic table

31. ECG curve development during heart ischemia

32. Endocrine water metabolism regulation disorders

33. Endothelial dysfunction syndrome

34. Fever (causes and consequences); hyperthermia

35. General causes and consequences of acute organ failure (heart, lungs, kidneys)

You have to find it within these playlists:

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcD7sq2YwW1OH02BLoWMUrbapZcdhWOVZ

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcD7sq2YwW1P1p7cPZ5kmpjWf0O-AF7uS

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcD7sq2YwW1PXC3ouczDlMG9mMA4w8Zl_

36. General signs of inflammation

37. Glycaemia, its regulation and disorders

https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Cushing%27s_disease

38. Hypercalcemia, causes and consequences

39. Hypercapnia; causes and consequences

40. Hyperhydration (types, causes and consequences)

isotonic hyperhydration

hypotonic hyperhydration

hypertonic hyperhydration

41. Hypocalcemia, causes and consequences

42. Hyponatremia, causes and consequences

43. Hypovolemic shock (causes, phases)

44. Hypoxic hypoxia (causes and consequences)

Hypoxia - table

Hypoxic hypoxia - V/Q mismatch

Cyanosis

45. Hypoxic hypoxia; compensation and adaptation; mountain sickness

e.g. Hypoxia - table

Hypoxic hypoxia - V/Q mismatch

Cyanosis

46. Hypoxia, ischemia (comparison), ischemic and stagnant hypoxia

47. Hypoxias (causes and types)

Hypoxias - table

48. Changes in hydration and volemia (definition, causes and consequences, clinical importance)

49. Importance of the fat tissue in health and disease

50. Increased central venous pressure, portal hypertension, chronic venous insufficiency

51. Local tissue reaction to injury (inflammation)

52. Types and causes of syncope

Syncope - types - tLOC

53. Lung gas exchange disorder (ventilation, diffusion, V/Q ratio)

e.g. https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Obstructive_and_restrictive_lung_diseases

https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Control_of_ventilation

54. Metabolic ABB disturbances

55. Principles of examination of the autonomic nervous system (baroreflex, Schellong's test, Valsalva's maneuver)

56. Metabolic syndrome

https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Metabolic_syndrome

57. Mineral metabolism changes due endocrine disturbances (K, Na)

58. Obesity (measurement, causes, consequences, complications)

59. Pathophysiology of calcemia, free and bound calcium

60. Perfusion control and its regulation (causes and consequences of the regulation failure)

61. Phases of hypovolemic shock

Phases of shock

62. Pulmonary hypertension (causes and consequences)

https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Pulmonary_hypertension

63. Qualitative and quantitative alimentation disorders (examples)

64. Quantitative and qualitative disturbances of consciousness (overview)

Consciousness - quantity

Consciousness - quality

65. Relation between ABB and ion concentrations, impact of ion level changes on ABB; examples

66. Respiratory ABB disturbances

COPD

67. Secondary hypertension, type, causes (endocrine etc.)

68. Complications of shock states

e.g. decompensatory phase of shock

69. Sleep apnea syndrome (central and peripheral type; consequences)

Comment: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) vs. Central Sleep Apnea (CSA) The point is, that in OSA during apnoic pause (no air flow from and out of the nose), you should see chest movement (there is obstruction in retroglossal space). In case of CSA, the problem is with the CNS respiratory centers and there is no obstruction, thus in case of apnoic pause (again no air flow), you will not see chest movement.

70. Types of edema according cause

71. Types of starvation, causes and consequences; refeeding syndrome

72. Manifestations of autonomic innervation disorders in organ systems (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urogenital), Horner's syndrome

73. Vegetative state, locked-in syndrome, brain death

Vegetative state = locked out

Locked-in syndrome

Brain death

74. Ventilation control disorders

https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Control_of_ventilation

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Under construction}}
 *'''Timestamps''' of the exact time of the video where the answer is hidden will be added soon.
-=== 1.	Sleep disorders, EEG  ===
-=== 2.	Acid-base balance disturbances, overview ===
+===1.	Sleep disorders, EEG===
+https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Sleep
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/jy3A1wJzP88}}
+===2.	Acid-base balance disturbances, overview===
 {{Video | url = https://youtu.be/AYPN_nmqTtQ}}
@@ Line 9: / Line 14: @@
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/nZZy9jexot8&t=218}}
-=== 3.	Acute complications of diabetes mellitus ===
+===3.	Acute complications of diabetes mellitus===
-=== 4.	Acute pressure changes in systemic circulation (causes and consequences) ===
+https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Acute_complications_of_diabetes_mellitus
+===4.	Acute pressure changes in systemic circulation (causes and consequences)===
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/GmiHMSpPTe8}}
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/3_miK2PD16w&t=50}}
-=== 5.	Acute stress reaction, cardiovascular and metabolic changes  ===
+===5.	Acute stress reaction, cardiovascular and metabolic changes===
-=== 6.	Arrhythmias - overview ===
+===6.	Arrhythmias - overview===
 Sinus and supraventricular rhythms
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/1hEbgdYVaxI&t=19}}
@@ Line 21: / Line 28: @@
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/z3cnSQmJxvc&t=19}}
 AV blocks
-{{video|https://youtu.be/0Vzz9lcHfb8&t=19}}
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/0Vzz9lcHfb8&t=19}}
-=== 7.	Balance disturbances: Na, K (regulation, losses, consequences) ===
+===7.	Balance disturbances: Na, K (regulation, losses, consequences)===
 E.g.:
 Hyperaldosteronism
@@ Line 40: / Line 47: @@
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/sY-UnmsJEUM&t=19}}
-=== 8.	Blood gas transport disorder – overview  ===
+===8.	Blood gas transport disorder – overview===
-=== 9.	Blood pressure regulation and its disorders ===
+Hypoxia - table
-{{video | url=https://youtu.be/Y5OOuVHwDxA}}
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/dEKEqhVtNns&t=19}}
+O2 delivery formula:
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/WOFOp3tcjxQ&t=284}}
+===9.	Blood pressure regulation and its disorders===
+e.g.:
+Primary hyperaldosteronism
+{{video | url=https://youtu.be/Y5OOuVHwDxA&t=614}}
+Secondary hyperaldosteronism
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/66Vrw4HqhbM&t=19}}
+Shock - table
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/3_miK2PD16w=1110}}
-=== 10.	Long lasting starvation consequences,catabolic states (examples), immobilisation  ===
+Do not forget neuropathies, where also ANS can be impaired...
-=== 11.	Causes and consequences of extracorporeal fluid loss (bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.) ===
+===10.	Long lasting starvation consequences,catabolic states (examples), immobilisation===
+===11.	Causes and consequences of extracorporeal fluid loss (bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.)===
 {{video | url=https://youtu.be/c5NrzDzOnvo}}
-=== 12.	Causes and consequences of arterial hypertension  ===
+===12.	Causes and consequences of arterial hypertension===
-{{Video | url=https://youtu.be/Y5OOuVHwDxA}}
-=== 13.	Causes and consequences of hypoventilation  ===
+e.g.:
-=== 14.	Causes and consequences of local edemas (compartment syndrome)  ===
+Primary hyperaldosteronism
+{{video | url=https://youtu.be/Y5OOuVHwDxA&t=614}}
+Secondary hyperaldosteronism
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/66Vrw4HqhbM&t=19}}
+===13.	Causes and consequences of hypoventilation===
+Respiratory acidosis
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/AYPN_nmqTtQ&t=815}}
+Hypoxia - table
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/dEKEqhVtNns&t=19}}
+Hypoxic hypoxia - V/Q mismatch
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/pgGKAbIpOgM&t=780}}
+Cyanosis
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/pgGKAbIpOgM&t=19}}
+===14.	Causes and consequences of local edemas (compartment syndrome)===
 {{video | url=https://youtu.be/NCI0sjg_5J8}}
-=== 15.	Causes and consequences of osmolarity changes in extracellular  ===
+===15.	Causes and consequences of osmolarity changes in extracellular===
 {{Video | url = https://youtu.be/c5NrzDzOnvo}}
-=== 16.	Causes and consequences of potassium level changes  ===
+===16.	Causes and consequences of potassium level changes===
-=== 17.	Causes of arrhythmia (extra- and intracardial)  ===
+===17.	Causes of arrhythmia (extra- and intracardial)===
-=== 18.	Circulatory shock states (definition and general division), differences in compensation  ===
+E.g.
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/aH5uW92VQ2Y&t=300}}
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/1hEbgdYVaxI&t=360}}
+===18.	Circulatory shock states (definition and general division), differences in compensation===
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/GmiHMSpPTe8}}
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/26c90DJ2BJk&t=278}}
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/3_miK2PD16w&t=1113}}
-=== 19.	Compensatory mechanisms during hypovolemic shock  ===
+===19.	Compensatory mechanisms during hypovolemic shock===
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/3_miK2PD16w&t=50}}
-=== 20.	Compensatory mechanisms during shock states (comparison and importance) ===
+===20.	Compensatory mechanisms during shock states (comparison and importance)===
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/3_miK2PD16w&t=50}}
-=== 21.	Conduction abnormalities in the heart ===
+===21.	Conduction abnormalities in the heart===
-=== 22.	Disorders of consciousness (general mechanisms of origin, brain death) ===
+AV blocks
-=== 23.	Consequences of acute and chronic bleeding (compensation) ===
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/0Vzz9lcHfb8&t=19}}
-=== 24.	Consequences of chronic stress  ===
-=== 25.	Poisonings affecting the autonomic nervous system - organophosphates, atropine, muscarinic, cocaine ===
+===22.	Disorders of consciousness (general mechanisms of origin, brain death)===
-=== 26.	Dehydration (types, causes and consequences) ===
+Consciousness - quantity
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/yTGZ5d3Dnb4&t=860}}
+Consciousness - quality
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/H4DDRK9E-mI&t=19}}
+tLOC
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/og5SrJAJ_0I&t=19}}
+Prolonged loss of consciousness
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/HM78y4s5Y40&t=150}}
+Brain death
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/HM78y4s5Y40&t=233}}
+===23.	Consequences of acute and chronic bleeding (compensation)===
+Acute bleeding
+e.g. circulatory shock
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/3_miK2PD16w&t=19}}
+e.g. sideropenic anemia as a consequence of chronic bleeding
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/9WX5U1AbLVc&t=90}}
+e.g. definition of anemia
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/r5NTjsnqMAE&t=19}}
+===24.	Consequences of chronic stress===
+===25.	Poisonings affecting the autonomic nervous system - organophosphates, atropine, muscarinic, cocaine===
+===26.	Dehydration (types, causes and consequences)===
 isotonic dehydration
 {{Video | url = https://youtu.be/c5NrzDzOnvo&t=338}}
@@ Line 84: / Line 157: @@
 {{Video | url = https://youtu.be/c5NrzDzOnvo&t=1266}}
-=== 27.	Hyperglycemia (causes and consequences) ===
+===27.	Hyperglycemia (causes and consequences)===
+e.g. in Cushing's disease
 https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Cushing%27s_disease
-=== 28.	Disorders of fluid balance (causes and consequences) ===
+===28.	Disorders of fluid balance (causes and consequences)===
 {{Video | url = https://youtu.be/c5NrzDzOnvo}}
-=== 29.	Disorders of heart signal generation ===
+===29.	Disorders of heart signal generation===
-=== 30.	Distributive shock, mechanisms, compensation ===
+Sinus and supraventricular = atrial rhythm
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/1hEbgdYVax&t=35}}
+Extrasystole
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/z3cnSQmJxvc&t=19}}
+===30.	Distributive shock, mechanisms, compensation===
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/26c90DJ2BJk&t=1547}}
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/26c90DJ2BJk&t=1621}}
@@ Line 98: / Line 176: @@
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/3_miK2PD16w&t=1228}}
-=== 31.	ECG curve development during heart ischemia ===
+===31.	ECG curve development during heart ischemia===
 {{Video | url=https://youtu.be/jZbjAQgg-z4}}
 {{Video | url=https://youtu.be/7zi907EbM-Q}}
-=== 32.	Endocrine water metabolism regulation disorders  ===
+===32.	Endocrine water metabolism regulation disorders===
 {{Video | url=https://youtu.be/Y5OOuVHwDxA}}
 {{Video | url=https://youtu.be/66Vrw4HqhbM}}
 {{Video | url=https://youtu.be/YIDNjANCznk}}
-=== 33.	Endothelial dysfunction syndrome ===
+===33.	Endothelial dysfunction syndrome===
-=== 34.	Fever (causes and consequences); hyperthermia ===
+===34.	Fever (causes and consequences); hyperthermia===
-=== 35.	General causes and consequences of acute organ failure (heart, lungs, kidneys)  ===
+===35.	General causes and consequences of acute organ failure (heart, lungs, kidneys)===
-=== 36.	General signs of inflammation ===
+You have to find it within these playlists:
-=== 37.	Glycaemia, its regulation and disorders ===
+https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcD7sq2YwW1OH02BLoWMUrbapZcdhWOVZ
+https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcD7sq2YwW1P1p7cPZ5kmpjWf0O-AF7uS
+https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcD7sq2YwW1PXC3ouczDlMG9mMA4w8Zl_
+===36.	General signs of inflammation===
+===37.	Glycaemia, its regulation and disorders===
 https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Cushing%27s_disease
-=== 38.	Hypercalcemia, causes and consequences ===
+===38.	Hypercalcemia, causes and consequences===
-=== 39.	Hypercapnia; causes and consequences  ===
+===39.	Hypercapnia; causes and consequences===
 {{Video | url=https://youtu.be/bUso5ciWl2U}}
 {{Video | url=https://youtu.be/nZZy9jexot8}}
-=== 40.	Hyperhydration (types, causes and consequences) ===
+===40.	Hyperhydration (types, causes and consequences)===
 isotonic hyperhydration
 {{Video | url = https://youtu.be/c5NrzDzOnvo&t=620}}
@@ Line 129: / Line 215: @@
 {{Video | url = https://youtu.be/c5NrzDzOnvo&t=1460}}
-=== 41.	Hypocalcemia, causes and consequences  ===
+===41.	Hypocalcemia, causes and consequences===
-=== 42.	Hyponatremia, causes and consequences ===
+===42.	Hyponatremia, causes and consequences===
 {{video | url=https://youtu.be/YIDNjANCznk}}
-=== 43.	Hypovolemic shock (causes, phases)  ===
+===43.	Hypovolemic shock (causes, phases)===
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/26c90DJ2BJk&t=278}}
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/26c90DJ2BJk&t=1547}}
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/3_miK2PD16w&t=1113}}
-=== 44.	Hypoxic hypoxia (causes and consequences)  ===
+===44.	Hypoxic hypoxia (causes and consequences)===
-=== 45.	Hypoxic hypoxia; compensation and adaptation; mountain sickness  ===
+Hypoxia - table
-=== 46.	Hypoxia, ischemia (comparison), ischemic and stagnant hypoxia   ===
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/dEKEqhVtNns&t=19}}
+Hypoxic hypoxia - V/Q mismatch
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/pgGKAbIpOgM&t=780}}
+Cyanosis
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/pgGKAbIpOgM&t=19}}
+===45.	Hypoxic hypoxia; compensation and adaptation; mountain sickness===
+e.g.
+Hypoxia - table
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/dEKEqhVtNns&t=19}}
+Hypoxic hypoxia - V/Q mismatch
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/pgGKAbIpOgM&t=780}}
+Cyanosis
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/pgGKAbIpOgM&t=19}}
+===46.	Hypoxia, ischemia (comparison), ischemic and stagnant hypoxia===
 {{Video | url = https://youtu.be/Kj2v4tOTAj4}}
-=== 47.	Hypoxias (causes and types) ===
+===47.	Hypoxias (causes and types)===
-=== 48.	Changes in hydration and volemia (definition, causes and consequences, clinical importance) ===
+Hypoxias - table
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/dEKEqhVtNns&t=19}}
+===48.	Changes in hydration and volemia (definition, causes and consequences, clinical importance)===
 {{video | url=https://youtu.be/c5NrzDzOnvo}}
-=== 49.	Importance of the fat tissue in health and disease ===
+===49.	Importance of the fat tissue in health and disease===
-=== 50.	Increased central venous pressure, portal hypertension, chronic venous insufficiency ===
+===50.	Increased central venous pressure, portal hypertension, chronic venous insufficiency===
-=== 51.	Local tissue reaction to injury (inflammation) ===
+===51.	Local tissue reaction to injury (inflammation)===
-=== 52.	Types and causes of syncope ===
+===52.	Types and causes of syncope===
-=== 53.	Lung gas exchange disorder (ventilation, diffusion, V/Q ratio) ===
+Syncope - types - tLOC
-=== 54.	Metabolic ABB disturbances ===
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/og5SrJAJ_0I&t=19}}
+===53.	Lung gas exchange disorder (ventilation, diffusion, V/Q ratio)===
+e.g.
+https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Obstructive_and_restrictive_lung_diseases
+https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Control_of_ventilation
+===54.	Metabolic ABB disturbances===
 {{Video | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYPN_nmqTtQ}}
-=== 55.	Principles of examination of the autonomic nervous system (baroreflex, Schellong's test, Valsalva's maneuver) ===
+===55.	Principles of examination of the autonomic nervous system (baroreflex, Schellong's test, Valsalva's maneuver)===
-=== 56.	Metabolic syndrome ===
+===56.	Metabolic syndrome===
-=== 57.	Mineral metabolism changes due endocrine disturbances (K, Na)  ===
+https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Metabolic_syndrome
+===57.	Mineral metabolism changes due endocrine disturbances (K, Na)===
 {{Video | url = https://youtu.be/B21DeE8IZ9w}}
-=== 58.	Obesity (measurement, causes, consequences, complications)  ===
+===58.	Obesity (measurement, causes, consequences, complications)===
-=== 59.	Pathophysiology of calcemia, free and bound calcium ===
+===59.	Pathophysiology of calcemia, free and bound calcium===
-=== 60.	Perfusion control and its regulation (causes and consequences of the regulation failure) ===
+===60.	Perfusion control and its regulation (causes and consequences of the regulation failure)===
-=== 61.	Phases of hypovolemic shock ===
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/jy3A1wJzP88&t=902}}
-=== 62.	Pulmonary hypertension (causes and consequences) ===
-=== 63.	Qualitative and quantitative alimentation disorders (examples)  ===
+===61.	Phases of hypovolemic shock===
-=== 64.	Quantitative and qualitative disturbances of consciousness (overview) ===
+Phases of shock
-=== 65.	Relation between ABB and ion concentrations, impact of ion level changes on ABB; examples  ===
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/3_miK2PD16w&t=19}}
+===62.	Pulmonary hypertension (causes and consequences)===
+https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Pulmonary_hypertension
+===63.	Qualitative and quantitative alimentation disorders (examples)===
+===64.	Quantitative and qualitative disturbances of consciousness (overview)===
+Consciousness - quantity
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/yTGZ5d3Dnb4&t=860}}
+Consciousness - quality
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/H4DDRK9E-mI&t=19}}
+===65.	Relation between ABB and ion concentrations, impact of ion level changes on ABB; examples===
 {{Video | url=https://youtu.be/31VyDTp1ixU&t=298}}
-=== 66.	Respiratory ABB disturbances  ===
+===66.	Respiratory ABB disturbances===
 {{video | url=https://youtu.be/AYPN_nmqTtQ&t=829}}
 COPD
 {{video|url=https://youtu.be/nZZy9jexot8&t=218}}
-=== 67.	Secondary hypertension, type, causes (endocrine etc.) ===
+===67.	Secondary hypertension, type, causes (endocrine etc.)===
 {{Video | url = https://youtu.be/Y5OOuVHwDxA&t=648}}
 {{Video | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66Vrw4HqhbM}}
-=== 68.	Complications of shock states ===
+===68.	Complications of shock states===
-=== 69.	Sleep apnea syndrome (central and peripheral type; consequences) ===
+e.g. decompensatory phase of shock
-=== 70.	Types of edema according cause  ===
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/3_miK2PD16w&t=530}}
+===69.	Sleep apnea syndrome (central and peripheral type; consequences)===
+Comment:
+Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) vs. Central Sleep Apnea (CSA)
+The point is, that in OSA during apnoic pause (no air flow from and out of the nose), you should see chest movement (there is obstruction in retroglossal space). In case of CSA, the problem is with the CNS respiratory centers and there is no obstruction, thus in case of apnoic pause (again no air flow), you will not see chest movement.
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/jy3A1wJzP88}}
+===70.	Types of edema according cause===
 {{Video | url = https://youtu.be/NCI0sjg_5J8}}
-=== 71.	Types of starvation, causes and consequences; refeeding syndrome ===
+===71.	Types of starvation, causes and consequences; refeeding syndrome===
-=== 72.	Manifestations of autonomic innervation disorders in organ systems (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urogenital), Horner's syndrome ===
+===72.	Manifestations of autonomic innervation disorders in organ systems (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urogenital), Horner's syndrome===
-=== 73.	Vegetative state, locked-in syndrome, brain death ===
+===73.	Vegetative state, locked-in syndrome, brain death===
-=== 74.	Ventilation control disorders  ===
+Vegetative state = locked out
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/uyR-azcg8h8&t=19}}
+Locked-in syndrome
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/9bHpcswl8gg&t=19}}
+Brain death
+{{video|url=https://youtu.be/HM78y4s5Y40&t=233}}
+===74.	Ventilation control disorders===
+https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Control_of_ventilation