Genetics in data: Difference between revisions
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| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1944|| style="width: 25%;"| Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty || style="width: 70%;"| Basic genetic information is stored in DNA | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1944|| style="width: 25%;"| Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty || style="width: 70%;"| Basic genetic information is stored in DNA | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1940-50|| style="width: 25%;"| Barbara McClintock || style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1940-50|| style="width: 25%;"| Barbara McClintock || style="width: 70%;"| The genetic map of maize, the role of centromeres and telomeres and the subsequent discovery of genetic transposition - mobile [[DNA]] sequences (transpososomes); '''1983 Nobel Prize''' ([[Transposomes]], [[Centromere]], [[Telomeres]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1940-60|| style="width: 25%;"| Peter Brian Medawar, Frank (Macfarlane) Burnet || style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1940-60|| style="width: 25%;"| Peter Brian Medawar, Frank (Macfarlane) Burnet || style="width: 70%;"| Transplantation – discovery of acquired immunological tolerance; '''1960 Nobel Prize''' ([[Transplant laws]], [[Immunological tolerance]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;" |1950 a 1970-80|| style="width: 25%;"| Edward B. Lewis; Christiane Nusslein-Volhard a Eric F. Wieschaus|| style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;" |1950 a 1970-80|| style="width: 25%;"| Edward B. Lewis; Christiane Nusslein-Volhard a Eric F. Wieschaus|| style="width: 70%;"| Developmental genetics; first ''Drosophila melanogaster'' - discovery of the principle of co-linearity (localization of sets of genes on chromosomes is related to the arrangement of body segments). Furthermore, this principle is confirmed for all multicellular animals; '''1995 Nobel Prize'''' ([[Embryonic Development]], ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1950-61|| style="width: 25%;"| Francois Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod || style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1950-61|| style="width: 25%;"| Francois Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod || style="width: 70%;"| Control and regulation of metabolic pathway enzyme expression by feedback with the [[DNA (nucleic acid)|DNA]] sequence (for example, ``E. coli''/lactose); '''1965 Nobel Prize'''' ([[Single-cell models]], [[Prokaryotes]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1950-59|| style="width: 25%;"| Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini || style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1950-59|| style="width: 25%;"| Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini || style="width: 70%;"| Isolation of nerve growth factor (NGF), which led to the discovery of epidermal growth factor; '''1986 Nobel Prize'''' ([[Cell Signaling]], [[(Proto)oncogenes]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1953|| style="width: 25%;"| James D. Watson, Francis H. C. Crick, Maurice H. Frederics || style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1953|| style="width: 25%;"| James D. Watson, Francis H. C. Crick, Maurice H. Frederics || style="width: 70%;"| Determining the structure of [[DNA]]; '''1962 Nobel Prize''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1956|| style="width: 25%;"| Joe Hin Tjio a Albert Levan || style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1956|| style="width: 25%;"| Joe Hin Tjio a Albert Levan || style="width: 70%;"| Determining the exact number of chromosomes in human somatic cells ([[Human karyotype]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1956|| style="width: 25%;"| Robert W. Holley, Har. G. Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg || style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1956|| style="width: 25%;"| Robert W. Holley, Har. G. Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg || style="width: 70%;"| Role of RNA in protein synthesis, genetic code and its role in protein biosynthesis; '''1968 Nobel Prize'''' ([[mRNA]], [[Translation]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1957|| style="width: 25%;"| Arthur Kornberg|| style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1957|| style="width: 25%;"| Arthur Kornberg|| style="width: 70%;"| While studying the bacterium Escherichia coli, he discovered DNA polymerase; Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg for the discovery of the mechanism of RNA and DNA biosynthesis ''' 1959 Nobel Prize'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1958|| style="width: 25%;"| Tuneko Okazaki, Reiji Okazaki|| style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1958|| style="width: 25%;"| Tuneko Okazaki, Reiji Okazaki|| style="width: 70%;"| Semiconservative replication process, Okazaki fragments | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1958-69|| style="width: 25%;"| Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. || style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1958-69|| style="width: 25%;"| Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. || style="width: 70%;"| Isolation of the hitherto unknown cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), clarification of its role in the metabolism of some hormones; '''1971 Nobel Prize'''' ([[Cell Signaling]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1959|| style="width: 25%;"| Jérôme JL Marie Lejeune || style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1959|| style="width: 25%;"| Jérôme JL Marie Lejeune || style="width: 70%;"| Chromosomal basis of Down syndrome - trisomy of chromosome 21 ([[Down syndrome]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5% text-align: center;; text-align: center;"| 1960-65|| style="width: 25%;"| Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset || style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5% text-align: center;; text-align: center;"| 1960-65|| style="width: 25%;"| Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset || style="width: 70%;"| Discovery of MHC and characterization of the genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of humans and subsequently other vertebrates; '''1980 Nobel Prize'''' ([[Major histocompatibility complex|HLA]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| od 1960|| style="width: 25%;"| Alfred Goodman Gilman, Martin Rodbell || style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| od 1960|| style="width: 25%;"| Alfred Goodman Gilman, Martin Rodbell || style="width: 70%;"| Discovery of G-proteins and elucidation of their role in cell signaling; '''1994 Nobel Prize'''' ([[Cell Signaling]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| od 1961|| style="width: 25%;"| Leonard Hayflick a P. Moorhead|| style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| od 1961|| style="width: 25%;"| Leonard Hayflick a P. Moorhead|| style="width: 70%;"| They described a limitation in the number of cell cycles in ``in vitro'' cultured fibroblasts - the so-called replicative aging (senescence) ([[Replicative senescence]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1962|| style="width: 25%;"| Werner Aber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith || style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1962|| style="width: 25%;"| Werner Aber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith || style="width: 70%;"| Discovery of restriction endonucleases; '''1978 Nobel Prize'''' ([[Restriction fragment length polymorphism]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1970|| style="width: 25%;"| David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard M. Temin || style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1970|| style="width: 25%;"| David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard M. Temin || style="width: 70%;"| Oncovirology – interaction of retroviruses with the genetic material of the cell, reverse transcription; '''1975 Nobel Prize'''' ([[Viral carcinogenesis]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1970-71|| style="width: 25%;"| Leland Harrison Hartwell, Richard Timothy Hunt, Paul Maxime Nurse|| style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1970-71|| style="width: 25%;"| Leland Harrison Hartwell, Richard Timothy Hunt, Paul Maxime Nurse|| style="width: 70%;"| During the study of the cell cycle of yeast (''Saccharomyces cerevisiae''), genes regulating the cell cycle were discovered; discovery of homologous genes in humans (cyclins and cyclin-dependent protein kinases) ([[Cell cycle]], [[(Proto)oncogenes]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1970-80|| style="width: 25%;"| Susumu Tonegawa || style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1970-80|| style="width: 25%;"| Susumu Tonegawa || style="width: 70%;"| Analysis of [[DNA]] of the B cells (experiments on mice), discovery of the genetic principle of antibody diversity; '''1987 Nobel Prize'''' ([[Gene Control of Antibody Formation]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1970-80|| style="width: 25%;"| John M. Bishop, Harold E. Varmus || style="width: 70%;"| | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1970-80|| style="width: 25%;"| John M. Bishop, Harold E. Varmus || style="width: 70%;"| Study of the relationship of retroviruses to the development of malignant tumors, discovery of the first human oncogene "c-src"; '''1989 Nobel Prize'''' ([[Oncoviruses]], [[(Proto)oncogenes]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1975|| style="width: 25%;"| Edwin Mellor Southern|| style="width: 70%;"| Vyvinul hybridizační metodu [[DNA (nukleová kyselina)|DNA]] v gelové elektoforéze pro identifikaci specifické sekvence DNA ([[Denaturace nukleových kyselin, molekulární hybridizace|DNA hybridizace]], [[Southernův blotting|Southern blot]]) | | style="width: 5%; text-align: center;"| 1975|| style="width: 25%;"| Edwin Mellor Southern|| style="width: 70%;"| Vyvinul hybridizační metodu [[DNA (nukleová kyselina)|DNA]] v gelové elektoforéze pro identifikaci specifické sekvence DNA ([[Denaturace nukleových kyselin, molekulární hybridizace|DNA hybridizace]], [[Southernův blotting|Southern blot]]) | ||
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== Galerie osobností == | == Galerie osobností == | ||
<gallery caption="Významné osobnosti historie genetiky" heights="150"> | <gallery caption="Významné osobnosti historie genetiky" heights="150"> | ||
Image:Gregor Mendel.png|Johann Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) | |||
Image:Walther flemming.gif|Walther Flemming (1843–1905) | |||
Soubor:LandsteinerWS.jpg|Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943) | Soubor:LandsteinerWS.jpg|Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943) | ||
Soubor:Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg|Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945) | Soubor:Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg|Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945) | ||
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<noinclude> | <noinclude> | ||
== | == Links == | ||
=== | === Related articles === | ||
* [[ | * [[Mendel's experiments]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Mendel's laws of inheritance]] | ||
* [[Hardy- | * [[Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium]] | ||
=== | === External links === | ||
* [http://www.esp.org/books/sturt/history/readbook.html History of genetics] | * [http://www.esp.org/books/sturt/history/readbook.html History of genetics] | ||
* [http://www.vedakolemnas.cz/sys/galerie-download/VKN-119.pdfl Dvanáct milníků genetiky (Academia)] | * [http://www.vedakolemnas.cz/sys/galerie-download/VKN-119.pdfl Dvanáct milníků genetiky (Academia)] | ||
</noinclude> | </noinclude> | ||
[[ | [[Category:Biology]] | ||
[[ | [[Category:Genetics]] | ||
[[ | [[Category:History of medicine]] |
Revision as of 15:59, 4 February 2023
Období objevu | Osobnost(i) | Objev |
---|---|---|
1865 | Johan Gregor Mendel | Laws of inheritance (Mendel's laws of inheritance) |
1869 | Paul Langerhans | He discovered and described the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas (Diabetes mellitus type I a II) |
1869 | Friedrich Miescher | He isolated DNA for the first time; isolated it in small quantities from white blood cells; was not analyzed further |
1879 | Walther Flemming | Chromosomes in mitosis (Chromosome, Mitosis) |
1892 | Dmitri Ivanowski (Дми́трий Ивано́вский) | The term virus (Virus) |
1908 | Godfrey Harold Hardy a Wilhelm Weinberg | Basic law of population genetics (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) |
1909 | Karl Landsteiner | Blood group system AB0 – classification of people into blood groups A, B, AB, 0; 1930 Nobel Prize |
1909 | Thomas Hunt Morgan | Linear arrangement of genes on chromosomes, linkage of genes, phase coupling and repulsion; 1933 Nobel Prize (Gene linkage) |
1910 | Albert Kossel | Cytology - research on proteins and nucleic acids; 1910 Nobel Prize |
1911 | Peyton Rous | Discovery of a virus with oncogenic potential - domestic chicken sarcomas; 1966 Nobel Prize |
1920 | Frederick Banting a John J. R. Macleod | Isolation of an active substance from the pancreas for the treatment of diabetes; 1923 Nobel Prize (Multifactorial inheritance, Autoimmune disease) |
od 1930 | George D. Snell | Discovery of genetic factors that determine the possibility of tissue transplantation, the histocompatibility complex (H-2) of the mouse; 1980 Nobel Prize (Major histocompatibility complex, Transplant laws) |
od 1931 | William Bateson, Reginald Crundall Punnett | Linkage of genes, crossing-over, recombination; (Gene linkage) |
1937-45 | George Wells Beadle, Edward Lawrie Tatum | Biochemical and genetic studies on the microorganism Neurospora - determining the ability of genes to regulate certain chemical reactions; 1958 Nobel Prize' (Cell Signaling) |
1944 | Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty | Basic genetic information is stored in DNA |
1940-50 | Barbara McClintock | The genetic map of maize, the role of centromeres and telomeres and the subsequent discovery of genetic transposition - mobile DNA sequences (transpososomes); 1983 Nobel Prize (Transposomes, Centromere, Telomeres) |
1940-60 | Peter Brian Medawar, Frank (Macfarlane) Burnet | Transplantation – discovery of acquired immunological tolerance; 1960 Nobel Prize (Transplant laws, Immunological tolerance) |
1950 a 1970-80 | Edward B. Lewis; Christiane Nusslein-Volhard a Eric F. Wieschaus | Developmental genetics; first Drosophila melanogaster - discovery of the principle of co-linearity (localization of sets of genes on chromosomes is related to the arrangement of body segments). Furthermore, this principle is confirmed for all multicellular animals; 1995 Nobel Prize' (Embryonic Development, Drosophila melanogaster) |
1950-61 | Francois Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod | Control and regulation of metabolic pathway enzyme expression by feedback with the DNA sequence (for example, ``E. coli/lactose); 1965 Nobel Prize' (Single-cell models, Prokaryotes) |
1950-59 | Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini | Isolation of nerve growth factor (NGF), which led to the discovery of epidermal growth factor; 1986 Nobel Prize' (Cell Signaling, (Proto)oncogenes) |
1953 | James D. Watson, Francis H. C. Crick, Maurice H. Frederics | Determining the structure of DNA; 1962 Nobel Prize |
1956 | Joe Hin Tjio a Albert Levan | Determining the exact number of chromosomes in human somatic cells (Human karyotype) |
1956 | Robert W. Holley, Har. G. Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg | Role of RNA in protein synthesis, genetic code and its role in protein biosynthesis; 1968 Nobel Prize' (mRNA, Translation) |
1957 | Arthur Kornberg | While studying the bacterium Escherichia coli, he discovered DNA polymerase; Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg for the discovery of the mechanism of RNA and DNA biosynthesis ' 1959 Nobel Prize |
1958 | Tuneko Okazaki, Reiji Okazaki | Semiconservative replication process, Okazaki fragments |
1958-69 | Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. | Isolation of the hitherto unknown cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), clarification of its role in the metabolism of some hormones; 1971 Nobel Prize' (Cell Signaling) |
1959 | Jérôme JL Marie Lejeune | Chromosomal basis of Down syndrome - trisomy of chromosome 21 (Down syndrome) |
1960-65 | Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset | Discovery of MHC and characterization of the genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of humans and subsequently other vertebrates; 1980 Nobel Prize' (HLA) |
od 1960 | Alfred Goodman Gilman, Martin Rodbell | Discovery of G-proteins and elucidation of their role in cell signaling; 1994 Nobel Prize' (Cell Signaling) |
od 1961 | Leonard Hayflick a P. Moorhead | They described a limitation in the number of cell cycles in ``in vitro cultured fibroblasts - the so-called replicative aging (senescence) (Replicative senescence) |
1962 | Werner Aber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith | Discovery of restriction endonucleases; 1978 Nobel Prize' (Restriction fragment length polymorphism) |
1970 | David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard M. Temin | Oncovirology – interaction of retroviruses with the genetic material of the cell, reverse transcription; 1975 Nobel Prize' (Viral carcinogenesis) |
1970-71 | Leland Harrison Hartwell, Richard Timothy Hunt, Paul Maxime Nurse | During the study of the cell cycle of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), genes regulating the cell cycle were discovered; discovery of homologous genes in humans (cyclins and cyclin-dependent protein kinases) (Cell cycle, (Proto)oncogenes) |
1970-80 | Susumu Tonegawa | Analysis of DNA of the B cells (experiments on mice), discovery of the genetic principle of antibody diversity; 1987 Nobel Prize' (Gene Control of Antibody Formation) |
1970-80 | John M. Bishop, Harold E. Varmus | Study of the relationship of retroviruses to the development of malignant tumors, discovery of the first human oncogene "c-src"; 1989 Nobel Prize' (Oncoviruses, (Proto)oncogenes) |
1975 | Edwin Mellor Southern | Vyvinul hybridizační metodu DNA v gelové elektoforéze pro identifikaci specifické sekvence DNA (DNA hybridizace, Southern blot) |
1975 | John Foxton Ross Kerr | Poprvé popsal apoptózu – geneticky programovanou smrt buněk; Nobelova cena 2002 – Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston- byla udělena za objevy genetické regulace vývoje orgánů a apoptózy (Embryonální vývoj, Stárnutí organismu) |
1975-77 | Frederick Sanger, Walter Gilbert, Paul Berg | Vyvinuli techniky sekvenování DNA; 1980 Nobelova cena (DNA; Sekvenování); Frederick Sanger získal již jednu Nobelovu cenu v roce 1958 za stanovení polypeptidového řetězce inzulinu (Genetika "civilizačních" onemocnění) |
1976 | Harald zur Hausen | Objev papiloma viru, který je příčinou vzniku karcinomu děložního čípku; Nobelova cena 2008 (Virová karcinogeneze) |
1977 | Richard John Roberts, Phillip Allen Sharp | Nezávisle objevili členění genů eukaryotních buněk na úseky (introny a exony) a vystřižení intronů z mRNA (gene-splicing); 1993 Nobelova cena (Struktura genu, Posttranskripční úpravy) |
1982 | Stanley B. Prusiner | Formuloval teorii o novém původci infekčních onemocnění nervového systému; objev prionů; 1997 Nobelova cena (Priony) |
1983 | Francoise Barréová-Sinoussiová, Luc Montagnier | Objev viru HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus); Nobelova cena 2008 – (Imunodeficience, AIDS) |
1984 | Elizabeth Blackburnová, Carol Whidney Greiderová, Jack William Szostak | Objev telomer (ochrany konců lineárních chromosomů) a enzymu telomerázy; Nobelova cena 2009 – (Telomery a telomerasa) |
1985 | Kary Banks Mullis s kolegy | Vyvinul metodu PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) umožňující namnožit i z jediné molekuly DNA vybraný úsek dědičné informace; Nobelova cena 1993 – (DNA, Polymerasová řetězová reakce) |
1988-2001 | Projekt HUGO | Sekvenování lidského genomu; Mezinárodní konsorcium Human Genome Project a americká soukromá společnost Celera Genomics – "hrubé" přečtení genomu (DNA, Mapování genomu) |
1989 | Mario Renato Capecchi, Martin Evans, Oliver Smithies | Studium embryonálního vývoje – myší embryonální kmenové buňky, knockout myši; Nobelova cena 2007 – (Kmenové buňky, Knockout myš, Mus musculus) |
1990 | Stephen F. Altshul, Gish W., David J. Lipmann, Miller W., Eugene Wilson Meyers | Vytvořili algoritmus BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) pro vypočítání podobnosti sekvencí a následné dohledávání genů a proteinů na základě vzájemné homologie (in silico – počítačové modely) |
1990 | William French Anderson | První provedl genovou terapii u 4letého dítěte trpícího imunodeficiencií (SCID – Severe Combined Immunodeficiency); výsledek léčby byl částečný. 2001 Alan Fisher genovou terapií SCID vyléčil (Imunodeficience) |
1996 | ovce Dolly | První naklonování savce z jediné tělní buňky (Kmenové buňky) |
1998 | Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello | Objev RNA interference – systému kontroly aktivity některých (specifických) genů; Nobelova cena 2006 (Transkripce, RNA interference) |
2012 | Jennifer A. Doudna, E. Charpentier | Cílená editace genomu pomocí CRISPR/Cas9; Nobelova cena 2020 |
Galerie osobností
- Významné osobnosti historie genetiky
- Soubor:LandsteinerWS.jpg
Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943)
- Soubor:Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg
Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945)
- Soubor:Oswald T. Avery portrait 1937.jpg
Oswald Theodore Avery (1877–1955)
- Soubor:Barbara McClintock (1902-1992).jpg
Barbara McClintock (1902–1992)
- Soubor:Francis Crick.png
Francis Harry Compton Crick (1916–2004)
- Soubor:James Watson.jpg
James Dewey Watson (1928)