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! !! limb !! colspan="4" | location of the lead ||
! !! limb !! colspan="4" | location of the lead ||
|-  
|-  
  ! rowspan="4" style="background:#FFFAFA;" | bipolar extremity leads
  ! style="background:#FFFAFA;" rowspan="4" | bipolar extremity leads


'''-Einthoven's leads-'''
'''-Einthoven's leads-'''
|-
|-
| align="center" class="bluecell" height="50" | '''I''' || colspan="1" rowspan="3" | <big><big> '''+'''</big></big> || left upper limb || colspan="1" rowspan="3" | <big><big>'''-''' </big></big> || right upper limb || rowspan="7" | [[File:Einthoven.png|centre| 250px]]
| height="50" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''I''' || rowspan="3" colspan="1" | <big><big> '''+'''</big></big> || left upper limb || rowspan="3" colspan="1" | <big><big>'''-''' </big></big> || right upper limb || rowspan="7" | [[File:Einthoven.png|centre| 250px]]
|-
|-
| align="center" class="bluecell" height="50" | '''II''' ||  left lower limb || right upper limb
| height="50" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''II''' ||  left lower limb || right upper limb
|-
|-
| align="center" class="bluecell" height="50" | '''III''' || left lower limb || left upper limb
| height="50" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''III''' || left lower limb || left upper limb
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" style="background:#FFFAFA;" | unipolar extremity leads
! style="background:#FFFAFA;" rowspan="4" | unipolar extremity leads


'''-Goldberg's leads-'''
'''-Goldberg's leads-'''
|-
|-
| align="center" class="bluecell" height="50" | '''aVR'''|| colspan="4" | right upper limb lead
| height="50" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''aVR'''|| colspan="4" | right upper limb lead
|-
|-
| align="center" class="bluecell" height="50" | '''aVL'''|| colspan="4" | left upper limb lead
| height="50" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''aVL'''|| colspan="4" | left upper limb lead
|-
|-
| align="center" class="bluecell" height="50" | '''aVF'''|| colspan="4" | left lower limb lead
| height="50" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''aVF'''|| colspan="4" | left lower limb lead
|-
|-


! rowspan="6" style="background:#FFFAFA;" | unipolar chest leads
! style="background:#FFFAFA;" rowspan="6" | unipolar chest leads


'''-Wilson's leads-'''
'''-Wilson's leads-'''
  | align="center" class="bluecell" height="50" | '''V<sub>1</sub>''' || colspan="4" | fourth intercostal space, just to the right of the sternum || rowspan="6" | [[File:Chest leads.png| centre| 250px]]
  | height="50" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''V<sub>1</sub>''' || colspan="4" | fourth intercostal space, just to the right of the sternum || rowspan="6" | [[File:Chest leads.png| centre| 250px]]
  |-
  |-
  | align="center" class="bluecell" height="50" | '''V<sub>2</sub>''' || colspan="4" | fourth intercostal space, just to the left of the sternum
  | height="50" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''V<sub>2</sub>''' || colspan="4" | fourth intercostal space, just to the left of the sternum
  |-
  |-
  | align="center" class="bluecell" height="50" | '''V<sub>3</sub>''' || colspan="4" | midway between V<sub>2</sub> and V<sub>4</sub>, fifth intercostal space
  | height="50" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''V<sub>3</sub>''' || colspan="4" | midway between V<sub>2</sub> and V<sub>4</sub>, fifth intercostal space
  |-
  |-
  | align="center" class="bluecell" height="50" | '''V<sub>4</sub>''' || colspan="4" | fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line on the left
  | height="50" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''V<sub>4</sub>''' || colspan="4" | fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line on the left
  |-
  |-
  | align="center" class="bluecell" height="50" | '''V<sub>5</sub>''' || colspan="4" | fifth intercostal space, anterior axillary line
  | height="50" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''V<sub>5</sub>''' || colspan="4" | fifth intercostal space, anterior axillary line
  |-
  |-
  | align="center" class="bluecell" height="50" | '''V<sub>6</sub>''' || colspan="4" | fifth intercostal space, midaxillary line
  | height="50" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''V<sub>6</sub>''' || colspan="4" | fifth intercostal space, midaxillary line
|}
|}


=== Additional ECG Leads ===
=== Additional ECG Leads ===
These leads are used in special situations, when conventional 12-leads ECG can not reliably show the myocardial defect.<ref name="Harrison" />
These leads are used in special situations, when conventional 12-leads ECG cannot reliably show the myocardial defect.<ref name="Harrison" />


There are some examples of additional ECG leads<ref name="Wiki" />:
Below are some examples of additional ECG leads<ref name="Wiki" />:
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
  |-
  |-
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|-
|-


! rowspan="5" style="background:#FFFAFA;" | unipolar chest leads
! style="background:#FFFAFA;" rowspan="5" | unipolar chest leads


  | align="center" class="bluecell" height="35" | '''V<sub>7</sub>''' || colspan="4" | posterior axillary line, on the same level as V<sub>6</sub>, on the left|| rowspan="7" | [[File:V3R-V6R.png|left|200px|right]] [[File:V789.png|right| 200px]]
  | height="35" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''V<sub>7</sub>''' || colspan="4" | posterior axillary line, on the same level as V<sub>6</sub>, on the left|| rowspan="7" | [[File:V3R-V6R.png|left|200px|right]] [[File:V789.png|right| 200px]]
  |-
  |-
  | align="center" class="bluecell" height="35" | '''V<sub>8</sub>''' || colspan="4" | scapulary line, in the same level as V<sub>6</sub>, on the left
  | height="35" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''V<sub>8</sub>''' || colspan="4" | scapulary line, in the same level as V<sub>6</sub>, on the left
  |-
  |-
  | align="center" class="bluecell" height="35" | '''V<sub>9</sub>''' || colspan="4" | paravertebral line on the left, on the same level as V<sub>6</sub>
  | height="35" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''V<sub>9</sub>''' || colspan="4" | paravertebral line on the left, on the same level as V<sub>6</sub>
  |-
  |-
  | align="center" class="bluecell" height="35" | '''VE''' || colspan="4" | just to the left of ''processus xiphoideus''
  | height="35" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''VE''' || colspan="4" | just to the left of ''processus xiphoideus''
  |-
  |-
  | align="center" class="bluecell" height="35" | '''V3R - V6R''' || colspan="4" | on the right, same location as V<sub>3</sub>–V<sub>6</sub>
  | height="35" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''V3R - V6R''' || colspan="4" | on the right, same location as V<sub>3</sub>–V<sub>6</sub>
  |-
  |-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FFFAFA;" | unipolar chest leads  
! style="background:#FFFAFA;" rowspan="2" | unipolar chest leads  
  | align="center" class="bluecell" height="35" | '''V<sub>1</sub>´– V<sub>6</sub>´''' || colspan="4" | about 1 intercostal space above the V<sub>1</sub>–V<sub>6</sub>  
  | height="35" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''V<sub>1</sub>´– V<sub>6</sub>´''' || colspan="4" | about 1 intercostal space above the V<sub>1</sub>–V<sub>6</sub>  
|-
|-
| align="center" class="bluecell" height="35" | '''V<sub>1</sub>´´– V<sub>6</sub>´´'''|| colspan="4" | about 2 intercostal space above the V<sub>1</sub>–V<sub>6</sub>  
| height="35" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''V<sub>1</sub>´´– V<sub>6</sub>´´'''|| colspan="4" | about 2 intercostal space above the V<sub>1</sub>–V<sub>6</sub>  
|-
|-
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FFFAFA;" | esophageal leads
! style="background:#FFFAFA;" rowspan="1" | esophageal leads
| align="center" class="bluecell" height="35" | '''E/Oe''' || colspan="4" | for example 37.5&thinsp;cm (left atrium) ||
| height="35" align="center" class="bluecell" | '''E/Oe''' || colspan="4" | for example 37.5&thinsp;cm (left atrium) ||
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 10:17, 18 December 2018

The 12 Conventional ECG Leads[edit | edit source]

  • Electrode

    Electrode

  • BTL-Kabel s elektrodami.jpg
  • BTL-EKG elektrody.jpg
  • AVL

    AVL

  • AVF

    AVF

These 12 leads are divided into two groups:

  • six extremity (limb) leads; they are recording electrical potentials transmitted into the frontal plane;
  • six chest (precordial) leads, they are recording electrical potential transmitted into horizontal plane.[1]

There are the leads with their location and polarity[2]:

limb location of the lead
bipolar extremity leads

-Einthoven's leads-

I + left upper limb - right upper limb
Einthoven.png
II left lower limb right upper limb
III left lower limb left upper limb
unipolar extremity leads

-Goldberg's leads-

aVR right upper limb lead
aVL left upper limb lead
aVF left lower limb lead
unipolar chest leads

-Wilson's leads-

V1 fourth intercostal space, just to the right of the sternum
Chest leads.png
V2 fourth intercostal space, just to the left of the sternum
V3 midway between V2 and V4, fifth intercostal space
V4 fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line on the left
V5 fifth intercostal space, anterior axillary line
V6 fifth intercostal space, midaxillary line

Additional ECG Leads[edit | edit source]

These leads are used in special situations, when conventional 12-leads ECG cannot reliably show the myocardial defect.[1]

Below are some examples of additional ECG leads[2]:

lead location of the lead
unipolar chest leads V7 posterior axillary line, on the same level as V6, on the left
V3R-V6R.png
V789.png
V8 scapulary line, in the same level as V6, on the left
V9 paravertebral line on the left, on the same level as V6
VE just to the left of processus xiphoideus
V3R - V6R on the right, same location as V3–V6
unipolar chest leads V1´– V6´ about 1 intercostal space above the V1–V6
V1´´– V6´´ about 2 intercostal space above the V1–V6
esophageal leads E/Oe for example 37.5 cm (left atrium)


Links[edit | edit source]

Related articles[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Jump up to: a b KASPER, Dennis L – FAUCI, Anthony S – LONGO, Dan L, et al. Harrison's principles of Internal Medicine. 16th edition. New York : McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2005. 2607 pp. pp. 1312-1313. ISBN 0-07-139140-1.
  2. ↑ Jump up to: a b WikiSkripta. Elektrokardiografie [online]. ©2011. The last revision 2011-07-2, [cit. 2011-07-03]. <http://www.wikiskripta.eu/index.php/Elektrokardiografie>.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

  • KASPER, Dennis L – FAUCI, Anthony S – LONGO, Dan L, et al. Harrison's principles of Internal Medicine. 16th edition. New York : McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2005. 2607 pp. pp. 1311-1319. ISBN 0-07-139140-1.
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