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__NOTOC__[[File:Dithiaden.jpg|thumb|Dithiaden]]Histamine is a [[biogenic amine]] derived from [[histidine]] that acts as a mediator of inflammation and [[anaphylactic reactions]], a mediator in the CNS and also involved in the regulation of gastric secretion. '''Antihistamines''' (H1-, H2- and H3-lytics) are drugs that specifically block the effects of histamine on histaminergic receptors.
[[Soubor:Bisulepine 0,5mg-ml vial yellow background.jpg|náhled|150px|bisulepin 0,5mg/ml v ampuli k i.v. podání]]
Histamin je [[Biogenní aminy|biogenní amin]], odvozený od [[histidin]]u, který se uplatňuje jako mediátor zánětu a anafylaktické reakce, mediátor v CNS a taktéž se účastní v regulaci žaludeční sekrece. '''Antihistaminika''' (H<sub>1</sub>-, H<sub>2</sub>- a H<sub>3</sub>-lytika) jsou léčiva, která specificky blokují účinky histaminu na histaminergních receptorech.


{{Podrobnosti|Histamin}}
== H<sub>1</sub>-lytics ==
H<sub>1</sub>-lytics are [[competitive antagonists]] at H1 receptors. They inhibit the vascular response to histamine, including increased permeability (edema formation), but do not affect the symptoms of shock. Although they are potent inhibitors of '''bronchoconstriction''' in vitro, they are not able to sufficiently influence the mechanisms of [[asthma]].


== H<sub>1</sub>-lytika ==
=== Indication ===
H<sub>1</sub>-lytika jsou '''kompetitivními antagonisty na H<sub>1</sub> receptorech'''. Inhibují cévní odpověď na histamin včetně zvýšené permeability (tvorby [[edém]]ů), ale neovlivní symptomy [[šok]]u. Ačkoliv jsou účinnými inhibitory bronchokonstrikce ''[[in vitro]]'', nejsou schopny dostatečně ovlivnit mechanismy [[astma]]tu.
* '''symptomatic treatment''' of allergic diseases: allergic [[rhinitis]] (eg hay fever); urticaria, Quincke's edema, drug and food allergy;
*[[Pruritus|'''pruritus''']] of various origins with the exception of pruritus for cholestasis (eg allergic and non-allergic pruritic dermatoses, pruritus for infectious diseases accompanied by rash, such as [[chickenpox]], [[measles]], [[rubella]]);
* '''insect bites''' (locally, eg Template: HVLP - Fenistil®);
* '''kinetosis''' (balance disorders due to processes on the inner ear) - [[vertigo]], morbid Meniér;
* '''nausea''' and '''vomiting''' of various etiologies (except organic disorders of the GIT);
* '''insomnia (CNS inhibition).'''


=== Indikace ===
=== Pharmacokinetics ===
* '''symptomatická léčba [[alergie|alergických onemocnění]]:''' alergické rinitidy (např. senná rýma); dále urtikaria, [[Quinckeho edém]], léková a potravinová alergie;
Conventional H1-lytics - 1st generation - for a short half-life must be administered several times a day. They penetrate the CNS, which manifests itself as sedentary. Generation 2 substances have a longer duration of action (can be administered once daily - Template: HVLP) and do not penetrate the CNS (they are not sedative).
* '''[[pruritus]]''' různého původu s výjimkou pruritu u cholestázy (např. alergické i nealergické svědivé dermatózy, pruritus u infekčních nemocí provázených vyrážkou, jako jsou [[plané neštovice]], [[spalničky]], [[zarděnky]]);
* '''hmyzí kousnutí''' (lokálně, např. {{HVLP|dimetinden}} – Fenistil®);
* '''kinetózy''' (poruchy rovnováhy vycházející z procesů na vnitřním uchu) – [[vertigo]], [[morbus Meniér]];
* '''[[nauzea]] a [[zvracení|vomitus]]''' různé etiologie (kromě organických poruch GIT);
* '''[[poruchy spánku|nespavost]]''' (útlum [[CNS]]).


=== Farmakokinetika ===
=== Side effects ===
Běžná H<sub>1</sub>-lytika – '''1. generace''' – pro krátký [[biologický poločas]] je nutno podávat několikrát denně. Pronikají do CNS, což se projeví [[sedativa|sedací]]. Látky '''2. generace''' mají delší dobu účinku (možno podávat jednou denně – {{HVLP|loratadin}}) a nepronikají do CNS (''nejsou sedativní'').
* '''Sedative effect''', attenuation of psychomotic activity, noticeable especially in older drugs. Attention should be drawn to the reduced ability to drive and participate in traffic as well as to operate demanding machinery.
* '''Antimuscarinic''' effects (dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention in prostate hyperplasia, etc.).
* '''QT prolongation''' by direct effect on the myocardium. By this mechanism, the electrical instability of the myocardium can be amplified with the consequent induction of [[torsade de pointes]] [[tachyarrhythmias]].


=== Nežádoucí účinky ===
{| class="wikitable"
* '''Sedativní účinek''', útlum psychomotické činnosti, patrný zejména u starších farmak. Je třeba upozornit na sníženou schopnost řídit motorové vozidlo a účastnit se dopravního provozu stejně tak jako obsluhovat náročné stroje.
  |+ '''''Overview of 1st generation H1-lytik'''''
* '''Antimuskarinové účinky''' (sucho v ústech, zastřené vidění, retence moče u [[Benigní hyperplazie prostaty|hyperplázie prostaty]] apod).
  ! Active substance                   !! Effect time (hours) !! Sedative effect !! Single dose for adults (mg)
* '''Prodloužení QT intervalu''' přímým vlivem na myokard. Tímto mechanismem může být zesílena elektrická nestabilita myokardu s následným vyvoláním [[arytmie|tachyarytmií torsade de pointes]].
 
{| class=wikitable  
  |+ '''''Přehled H<sub>1</sub>-lytik 1. generace'''''
  ! Účinná látka                   !! Doba účinku (hod) !! Sedativní účinek !! Jednotlivá dávka pro dospělé (mg)
   |-
   |-
  | {{HVLP|promethazin}}   || 20                      || +++                || 10–20
  | promethazine   || 20                      || +++                || 10–20
  |-
  |-
  | {{HVLP|cyproheptadin}} || 5                        || +                      || 4
  | cyproheptadine || 5                        || +                      || 4
  |-  
  |-  
  | {{HVLP|bisulepin}}         || 7                        || +                      || 2
  | bisulepine         || 7                        || +                      || 2
  |-
  |-
  | {{HVLP|dimetinden}}     || 7                        || +                      || 1–2
  | dimetinden      || 7                        || +                      || 1–2
  |-
  |-
  | {{HVLP|moxastin}}         || 2                        || +++                || 25–100
  | moxastine         || 2                        || +++                || 25–100
|}
|}


''H<sub>1</sub>-lytika 2. generace'' jsou látky s minimálními sedativními účinky a s prodlouženými účinky H<sub>1</sub> lytickými.
''2nd generation H1-lytics are substances with minimal sedative effects and prolonged H1 lytic effects.''


{| class=wikitable
{| class="wikitable"
  |+ '''''Přehled H<sub>1</sub>-lytik 2. generace'''''
  |+
  ! Účinná látka !! Doba účinku (hod) !! Sedativní účinek !! Jednotlivá dávka pro dospělé (mg)
'''''Overview of 2nd generation H1-lytik'''''
  ! Active substance !! Effect time (hours) !! Sedative effect !! Single dose for adults (mg)
  |-  
  |-  
  | {{HVLP|cetirizin}} || 24 || 0 || 10   
  | cetirizine || 24 || 0 || 10   
  |-
  |-
  | {{HVLP|loratadin}} || 24 || 0 || 10
  | loratadine || 24 || 0 || 10
|}
|}


<noinclude>
== Links ==
== Odkazy ==
=== Related articles ===
=== Související články ===
* [[Histamine]]
* [[Histamin]]
* [[Allergy treatment|Allergy]]
* [[Alergie]]
* [[Allergy treatment]]
* [[Léčba alergie]]
 
=== Použitá literatura ===
* {{Citace
| typ = web
| příjmení1 = Martínková
| jméno1 = Jiřina
| příjmení2 = Mičuda
| jméno2 = Stanislav
| příjmení3 = Čermáková
| jméno3 = Jolana
| url = https://www.lfhk.cuni.cz/farmakol/predn/bak/kapitoly/histamin-bak.doc/
| název = Vybrané kapitoly z klinické farmakologie pro bakalářské studium
| podnázev = Histamin, antihistaminika
| rok = 2001
| citováno = 2010-07-13
}}


</noinclude>
=== Literature ===


[[Kategorie:Farmakologie]]
* MARTÍNKOVÁ, Jiřina, Stanislav MIČUDA a Jolana ČERMÁKOVÁ. ''Vybrané kapitoly z klinické farmakologie pro bakalářské studium : Histamin, antihistaminika'' [online]. ©2001. [cit. 2010-07-13]. <<nowiki>https://www.lfhk.cuni.cz/farmakol/predn/bak/kapitoly/histamin-bak.doc/</nowiki>>.
[[Kategorie:Imunologie]]

Revision as of 19:42, 8 April 2022

Dithiaden

Histamine is a biogenic amine derived from histidine that acts as a mediator of inflammation and anaphylactic reactions, a mediator in the CNS and also involved in the regulation of gastric secretion. Antihistamines (H1-, H2- and H3-lytics) are drugs that specifically block the effects of histamine on histaminergic receptors.

H1-lytics

H1-lytics are competitive antagonists at H1 receptors. They inhibit the vascular response to histamine, including increased permeability (edema formation), but do not affect the symptoms of shock. Although they are potent inhibitors of bronchoconstriction in vitro, they are not able to sufficiently influence the mechanisms of asthma.

Indication

  • symptomatic treatment of allergic diseases: allergic rhinitis (eg hay fever); urticaria, Quincke's edema, drug and food allergy;
  • pruritus of various origins with the exception of pruritus for cholestasis (eg allergic and non-allergic pruritic dermatoses, pruritus for infectious diseases accompanied by rash, such as chickenpox, measles, rubella);
  • insect bites (locally, eg Template: HVLP - Fenistil®);
  • kinetosis (balance disorders due to processes on the inner ear) - vertigo, morbid Meniér;
  • nausea and vomiting of various etiologies (except organic disorders of the GIT);
  • insomnia (CNS inhibition).

Pharmacokinetics

Conventional H1-lytics - 1st generation - for a short half-life must be administered several times a day. They penetrate the CNS, which manifests itself as sedentary. Generation 2 substances have a longer duration of action (can be administered once daily - Template: HVLP) and do not penetrate the CNS (they are not sedative).

Side effects

  • Sedative effect, attenuation of psychomotic activity, noticeable especially in older drugs. Attention should be drawn to the reduced ability to drive and participate in traffic as well as to operate demanding machinery.
  • Antimuscarinic effects (dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention in prostate hyperplasia, etc.).
  • QT prolongation by direct effect on the myocardium. By this mechanism, the electrical instability of the myocardium can be amplified with the consequent induction of torsade de pointes tachyarrhythmias.
Overview of 1st generation H1-lytik
Active substance Effect time (hours) Sedative effect Single dose for adults (mg)
promethazine 20 +++ 10–20
cyproheptadine 5 + 4
bisulepine 7 + 2
dimetinden 7 + 1–2
moxastine 2 +++ 25–100

2nd generation H1-lytics are substances with minimal sedative effects and prolonged H1 lytic effects.

Overview of 2nd generation H1-lytik
Active substance Effect time (hours) Sedative effect Single dose for adults (mg)
cetirizine 24 0 10
loratadine 24 0 10

Links

Related articles

Literature

  • MARTÍNKOVÁ, Jiřina, Stanislav MIČUDA a Jolana ČERMÁKOVÁ. Vybrané kapitoly z klinické farmakologie pro bakalářské studium : Histamin, antihistaminika [online]. ©2001. [cit. 2010-07-13]. <https://www.lfhk.cuni.cz/farmakol/predn/bak/kapitoly/histamin-bak.doc/>.