Genetics in data
From WikiLectures
| Období objevu | Osobnost(i) | Objev |
|---|---|---|
| 1865 | Johan Gregor Mendel | Laws of inheritance (Mendel's laws of inheritance) |
| 1869 | Paul Langerhans | He discovered and described the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas (Diabetes mellitus type I a II) |
| 1869 | Friedrich Miescher | He isolated DNA for the first time; isolated it in small quantities from white blood cells; was not analyzed further |
| 1879 | Walther Flemming | Chromosomes in mitosis (Chromosome, Mitosis) |
| 1892 | Dmitri Ivanowski (Дми́трий Ивано́вский) | The term virus (Virus) |
| 1908 | Godfrey Harold Hardy a Wilhelm Weinberg | Basic law of population genetics (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) |
| 1909 | Karl Landsteiner | Blood group system AB0 – classification of people into blood groups A, B, AB, 0; 1930 Nobel Prize |
| 1909 | Thomas Hunt Morgan | Linear arrangement of genes on chromosomes, linkage of genes, phase coupling and repulsion; 1933 Nobel Prize (Gene linkage) |
| 1910 | Albert Kossel | Cytology - research on proteins and nucleic acids; 1910 Nobel Prize |
| 1911 | Peyton Rous | Discovery of a virus with oncogenic potential - domestic chicken sarcomas; 1966 Nobel Prize |
| 1920 | Frederick Banting a John J. R. Macleod | Isolation of an active substance from the pancreas for the treatment of diabetes; 1923 Nobel Prize (Multifactorial inheritance, Autoimmune disease) |
| od 1930 | George D. Snell | Discovery of genetic factors that determine the possibility of tissue transplantation, the histocompatibility complex (H-2) of the mouse; 1980 Nobel Prize (Major histocompatibility complex, Transplant laws) |
| od 1931 | William Bateson, Reginald Crundall Punnett | Linkage of genes, crossing-over, recombination; (Gene linkage) |
| 1937-45 | George Wells Beadle, Edward Lawrie Tatum | Biochemical and genetic studies on the microorganism Neurospora - determining the ability of genes to regulate certain chemical reactions; 1958 Nobel Prize' (Cell Signaling) |
| 1944 | Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty | Basic genetic information is stored in DNA |
| 1940-50 | Barbara McClintock | The genetic map of maize, the role of centromeres and telomeres and the subsequent discovery of genetic transposition - mobile DNA sequences (transpososomes); 1983 Nobel Prize (Transposomes, Centromere, Telomeres) |
| 1940-60 | Peter Brian Medawar, Frank (Macfarlane) Burnet | Transplantation – discovery of acquired immunological tolerance; 1960 Nobel Prize (Transplant laws, Immunological tolerance) |
| 1950 a 1970-80 | Edward B. Lewis; Christiane Nusslein-Volhard a Eric F. Wieschaus | Developmental genetics; first Drosophila melanogaster - discovery of the principle of co-linearity (localization of sets of genes on chromosomes is related to the arrangement of body segments). Furthermore, this principle is confirmed for all multicellular animals; 1995 Nobel Prize' (Embryonic Development, Drosophila melanogaster) |
| 1950-61 | Francois Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod | Control and regulation of metabolic pathway enzyme expression by feedback with the DNA sequence (for example, ``E. coli/lactose); 1965 Nobel Prize' (Single-cell models, Prokaryotes) |
| 1950-59 | Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini | Isolation of nerve growth factor (NGF), which led to the discovery of epidermal growth factor; 1986 Nobel Prize' (Cell Signaling, (Proto)oncogenes) |
| 1953 | James D. Watson, Francis H. C. Crick, Maurice H. Frederics | Determining the structure of DNA; 1962 Nobel Prize |
| 1956 | Joe Hin Tjio a Albert Levan | Determining the exact number of chromosomes in human somatic cells (Human karyotype) |
| 1956 | Robert W. Holley, Har. G. Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg | Role of RNA in protein synthesis, genetic code and its role in protein biosynthesis; 1968 Nobel Prize' (mRNA, Translation) |
| 1957 | Arthur Kornberg | While studying the bacterium Escherichia coli, he discovered DNA polymerase; Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg for the discovery of the mechanism of RNA and DNA biosynthesis ' 1959 Nobel Prize |
| 1958 | Tuneko Okazaki, Reiji Okazaki | Semiconservative replication process, Okazaki fragments |
| 1958-69 | Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. | Isolation of the hitherto unknown cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), clarification of its role in the metabolism of some hormones; 1971 Nobel Prize' (Cell Signaling) |
| 1959 | Jérôme JL Marie Lejeune | Chromosomal basis of Down syndrome - trisomy of chromosome 21 (Down syndrome) |
| 1960-65 | Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset | Discovery of MHC and characterization of the genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of humans and subsequently other vertebrates; 1980 Nobel Prize' (HLA) |
| od 1960 | Alfred Goodman Gilman, Martin Rodbell | Discovery of G-proteins and elucidation of their role in cell signaling; 1994 Nobel Prize' (Cell Signaling) |
| od 1961 | Leonard Hayflick a P. Moorhead | They described a limitation in the number of cell cycles in ``in vitro cultured fibroblasts - the so-called replicative aging (senescence) (Replicative senescence) |
| 1962 | Werner Aber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith | Discovery of restriction endonucleases; 1978 Nobel Prize' (Restriction fragment length polymorphism) |
| 1970 | David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard M. Temin | Oncovirology – interaction of retroviruses with the genetic material of the cell, reverse transcription; 1975 Nobel Prize' (Viral carcinogenesis) |
| 1970-71 | Leland Harrison Hartwell, Richard Timothy Hunt, Paul Maxime Nurse | During the study of the cell cycle of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), genes regulating the cell cycle were discovered; discovery of homologous genes in humans (cyclins and cyclin-dependent protein kinases) (Cell cycle, (Proto)oncogenes) |
| 1970-80 | Susumu Tonegawa | Analysis of DNA of the B cells (experiments on mice), discovery of the genetic principle of antibody diversity; 1987 Nobel Prize' (Gene Control of Antibody Formation) |
| 1970-80 | John M. Bishop, Harold E. Varmus | Study of the relationship of retroviruses to the development of malignant tumors, discovery of the first human oncogene "c-src"; 1989 Nobel Prize' (Oncoviruses, (Proto)oncogenes) |
| 1975 | Edwin Mellor Southern | Vyvinul hybridizační metodu DNA v gelové elektoforéze pro identifikaci specifické sekvence DNA (DNA hybridizace, Southern blot) |
| 1975 | John Foxton Ross Kerr | Poprvé popsal apoptózu – geneticky programovanou smrt buněk; Nobelova cena 2002 – Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston- byla udělena za objevy genetické regulace vývoje orgánů a apoptózy (Embryonální vývoj, Stárnutí organismu) |
| 1975-77 | Frederick Sanger, Walter Gilbert, Paul Berg | Vyvinuli techniky sekvenování DNA; 1980 Nobelova cena (DNA; Sekvenování); Frederick Sanger získal již jednu Nobelovu cenu v roce 1958 za stanovení polypeptidového řetězce inzulinu (Genetika "civilizačních" onemocnění) |
| 1976 | Harald zur Hausen | Objev papiloma viru, který je příčinou vzniku karcinomu děložního čípku; Nobelova cena 2008 (Virová karcinogeneze) |
| 1977 | Richard John Roberts, Phillip Allen Sharp | Nezávisle objevili členění genů eukaryotních buněk na úseky (introny a exony) a vystřižení intronů z mRNA (gene-splicing); 1993 Nobelova cena (Struktura genu, Posttranskripční úpravy) |
| 1982 | Stanley B. Prusiner | Formuloval teorii o novém původci infekčních onemocnění nervového systému; objev prionů; 1997 Nobelova cena (Priony) |
| 1983 | Francoise Barréová-Sinoussiová, Luc Montagnier | Objev viru HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus); Nobelova cena 2008 – (Imunodeficience, AIDS) |
| 1984 | Elizabeth Blackburnová, Carol Whidney Greiderová, Jack William Szostak | Objev telomer (ochrany konců lineárních chromosomů) a enzymu telomerázy; Nobelova cena 2009 – (Telomery a telomerasa) |
| 1985 | Kary Banks Mullis s kolegy | Vyvinul metodu PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) umožňující namnožit i z jediné molekuly DNA vybraný úsek dědičné informace; Nobelova cena 1993 – (DNA, Polymerasová řetězová reakce) |
| 1988-2001 | Projekt HUGO | Sekvenování lidského genomu; Mezinárodní konsorcium Human Genome Project a americká soukromá společnost Celera Genomics – "hrubé" přečtení genomu (DNA, Mapování genomu) |
| 1989 | Mario Renato Capecchi, Martin Evans, Oliver Smithies | Studium embryonálního vývoje – myší embryonální kmenové buňky, knockout myši; Nobelova cena 2007 – (Kmenové buňky, Knockout myš, Mus musculus) |
| 1990 | Stephen F. Altshul, Gish W., David J. Lipmann, Miller W., Eugene Wilson Meyers | Vytvořili algoritmus BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) pro vypočítání podobnosti sekvencí a následné dohledávání genů a proteinů na základě vzájemné homologie (in silico – počítačové modely) |
| 1990 | William French Anderson | První provedl genovou terapii u 4letého dítěte trpícího imunodeficiencií (SCID – Severe Combined Immunodeficiency); výsledek léčby byl částečný. 2001 Alan Fisher genovou terapií SCID vyléčil (Imunodeficience) |
| 1996 | ovce Dolly | První naklonování savce z jediné tělní buňky (Kmenové buňky) |
| 1998 | Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello | Objev RNA interference – systému kontroly aktivity některých (specifických) genů; Nobelova cena 2006 (Transkripce, RNA interference) |
| 2012 | Jennifer A. Doudna, E. Charpentier | Cílená editace genomu pomocí CRISPR/Cas9; Nobelova cena 2020 |
Galerie osobností
- Významné osobnosti historie genetiky
Johann Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)
Walther Flemming (1843–1905)
- Soubor:LandsteinerWS.jpg
Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943)
- Soubor:Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg
Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945)
- Soubor:Oswald T. Avery portrait 1937.jpg
Oswald Theodore Avery (1877–1955)
- Soubor:Barbara McClintock (1902-1992).jpg
Barbara McClintock (1902–1992)
- Soubor:Francis Crick.png
Francis Harry Compton Crick (1916–2004)
- Soubor:James Watson.jpg
James Dewey Watson (1928)
