Chvostek Sign
Chvostek sign is positive if the homolateral twitch of the upper lip filter towards the side of the tap is triggered when the facial nerve branch is tapped, preferably above the parotid gland or closer to the corner of the mouth. It is a manifestation of increased idioneural excitability. [1] The sign tends to be positive in hypocalcemia. [2] First definition of ecotoxicology (1969): René Truhaut: the study of the adverse effects of chemicals with the aim of protecting natural species and communities. Rachel Carson (1962): the memoir The Silent Spring highlights the use of pesticides , especially DDT and other agrochemicals. The book led to the establishment of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the USA. Introduction of methods describing the toxic effects of human-produced substances on the environment and the organisms contained therein. Systematic implementation of fish toxicity testing methods. In addition to direct toxic effects, the effects of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation are studied – increases in the concentration of foreign substances in the tissues of organisms as a result of exposure from the environment.
2004 EC ratification: Persistent Organic Pollutants Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution The aim of the protocol is to limit, reduce or eliminate the discharge, emissions and losses of persistent organic pollutants that have significant adverse effects on human health or the environment due to long-range transboundary air transport.
In 2006 , Regulation No. 166/2006 of the European Parliament and the EC Council was issued, establishing the European Register of Releases and Transfers of Pollutants . It represents a publicly accessible database of pollutant releases into the air, water and soil, information on wastewater, information on pollutant releases from dispersed sources.
In 2003 , the proposal for a new framework for legislation covering the safety of chemicals REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) was accepted by the European Commission and approved by the European Parliament . Enterprises and firms that import more than 1 ton of a chemical compound per year will be forced to register this chemical in a central data bank. The aim is to improve the protection of the health of nature, including people, to increase the innovation capacity and the ability of the chemical industry to compete in the European Union. The new measures concern not only new chemical substances introduced to the market, but also substances that have been used for a long time. The program aims to ensure that by 2020 at the latest, only chemical substances with known properties and in a way that does not harm human health and the environment are used.
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Chvostek sign – video[1]- Neurological examination – norma (Centrum elektronického vzdělávání 1.lf UK)
References
- ↑ a b ROTH, Jan – FIALA, Ondřej – RŮŽIČKA, Evžen. Neurologické vyšetření - norma [online]. [cit. 2012-11-22]. <https://el.lf1.cuni.cz/neurologie>.
- ↑ LONGMORE, J. M. (J. Murray). Oxford handbook of clinical medicine. 8. edition. Oxford : Oxford university press, 2010. 0 pp. ISBN 9780199232178.
