Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium perfringens
Clostridiaceae
Clostridium
Colony of Clostridium Perfringens
Morphology	Gram-positive rods , sporulating
Relation to oxygen	aerotolerant
Cultivation	blood agar , yolk agar
Virulence factors	toxin α, thermolabile toxin (types A, B, D)
Transmission	alimentary route
Occurrence	soil, waste, contaminated food, intestinal tract of herbivores and carnivores
Incubation time	8-14 hours
Disease	gas scab, cellulitis, colic, watery diarrhea , enteritis, enterotoxemia, soft tissue infections, early infection
Diagnostics	clinical picture, microscopic finding of clostridia
Therapy	crystalline penicillin with clindamycin, chloramphenicol, imipenem, metronidazole with clindamycin, surgery
MeSH ID	D003016

Template:Infobox - bakterie Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive , sporulating , aerotolerant bacterium .

Occurence

The vegetative cell has the shape of a rod , the thickness of which is over 1 μm and the length ranges from 2 to 10 μm. Spores are oval , thermoresistant , paracentral, occur commonly in our environment, such as soil, waste and easily contaminate food (especially meat). Sporulation takes place in the intestine , never in the affected tissue. Clostridium perfringens produces many biologically active substances, including toxins and enterotoxin. According to the type of toxin produced, it is divided into five groups (A-E). Clostridium perfringens is part of the normal intestinal microflora of humans and animals.

Clostridium Perfringes

Toxins

All types of Clostridium perfringens produce α toxin (phospholipase C, lecithinase), which has lethal and necrotizing effects. Other effects of toxins include:

• cytotoxicity
• cell membrane lysis and hemolysis
• increase capillary permeability
• lowering blood pressure
• damage to enterocytes and leukocytes , as well as the heart , kidneys and blood vessels

Types A, B, D form a thermolabile enterotoxin in food , the spores of which are thermoresistant and can survive even boiling.

Pathogenesis

Clostridium perfringens is one of the most common human pathogens . Presence in the human body can cause histotoxic infections, gas gangrene, cellulitis. However, Clostridium perfringens is most often the cause of intestinal diseases (colic, watery diarrhea, enteritis, enterotoxemia). In colic and watery diarrhea, the incubation period is 8-14 hours after eating contaminated food, the symptoms (diarrhea, convulsions, abdominal pain) persist for about 24 hours. Nausea, fever and vomiting are present minimally.

Cultivation

Due to the fact that Clostridium perfringens belongs to aerotolerant bacteria, its cultivation is relatively easy. It hydrolyzes gelatin due to a number of saccharolytic and proteolytic enzymes . Type A forms a double zone of hemolysis, while the outer one (with incomplete hemolysis) is given by the action of phospholipase C (toxin α). A zone of opalescence is evident on the yolk agar , which is also caused by phospholipase C.

Diagnostics

To diagnose diseases caused by Clostridium perfringens , clinical signs, an epidemiological history and microbiological examination must be assessed. In the case of soft tissues, excision is taken from the wound, exudate or part of the damaged tissue.

Summary

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Links

References

1. BENEŠ, Jiří, et al. Infectious medicine. 1st edition. Galén, 2009. 651 pp. 269-270. ISBN 978-80-7262-644-1 .

References

• BEDNÁŘ, Marek. Medical microbiology: bacteriology, virology, parasitology. 1st edition. Prague: Marvil, 1996.  ISBN 80-2380-297-6 .

• VOTAVA, Miroslav. Medical microbiology special. 1st edition. Brno: Neptun, 2003.  ISBN 80-902896-6-5 .

Source

• PubMed: Toxin plasmids of Clostridium perfringens
• Nejm: Bacterial Diarrhea
• NCBI:Clostridia: Sporeforming Anaerobic Bacilli

Bacteria
G +	coke aerobic Micrococcus Micrococcus luteus Rhodococcus Rhodococcus equi facultatively anaerobic Enterococcus Enterococcus durans • Enterococcus faecalis • Enterococcus faecium Streptococcus Streptococcus agalactiae • Streptococcus mutans • Streptococcus pneumoniae • Streptococcus pyogenes • Streptococcus suis • Oral streptococci Staphylococcus Staphylococcus aureus • Staphylococcus epidermidis • Staphylococcus intermedius • Staphylococcus saprophyticus anaerobic Peptococcus Peptococcus niger Peptostreptococcus Peptostreptococcus anaerobius • Peptostreptococcus prevotii • Peptostreptococcus vaginalis sticks aerobic + facultative anaerobic Arcanobacter Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Bacillus Bacillus anthracis • Bacillus cereus Corynebacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae • Corynebacterium jeikeium • Corynebacterium ulcerans • Corynebacterium urealyticum Erysipelothrix Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Listeria Listeria monocytogenes Nocardia Nocardia asteroides • Nocardia brasiliensis Rhodococcus Rhodococcus equi anaerobic Actinomyces Actinomyces israeli • Actinomyces naeslundi Bifidobacterium Bifidobacterium dentium Clostridium Clostridium botulinum • Clostridium difficile • Clostridium novyi • Clostridium tetani • Clostridium perfringens • Clostridium septicum • Clostridium ulcerans Lactobacillus Lactobacillus acidophilus Propionibacterium Propionibacterium acnes • Propionibacterium propionicus
Go	coke aerobic Acinetobacter Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Moraxella Moraxella catarrhalis • Moraxella lacunata Neisseria Neisseria gonorrhoeae • Neisseria meningitidis • Non-pathogenic species of Neisseria anaerobic Veillonella Veillonella alcalescens • Veillonella parvula cocobacilli aerobic Rickettsia Rickettsia prowazekii • Rickettsia rickettsii • Rickettsia typhi sticks aerobic Alcaligentes Alkaligentes feacalis Bartonella Bartonella bacilliformis • Bartonella henselae • Bartonella quintana Bordetella Bordetella bronchiseptica • Bordetella parapertussis • Bordetella pertussis Brucella Brucella abortus • Brucella canis • Brucella melitensis • Brucella suis Burkholderia Burkholderia cepacia • Burkholderia mallei • Burkholderia pseudomallei Francisella Francisella tularensis Legionella Legionella pneumophila Kingella Kingella denitrificans • Kingella kingae • Kingella oralis Pseudomonas Pseudomonas aeruginosa • Pseudomonas fluorescens Stenotrophomonas Stenotrophomonas maltophilia facultatively anaerobic Actinobacillus Actinobacillus equli • Actinobacillus lignieresii Aeromonas Aermonas caviae • Aeromonas hydrophila • Aeromonas sobria Afipia Afipia felis Citrobacter Citrobacter freundi • Citrobacter koseri Eikenella Eikenella corrodens Enterobacter Enterobacter aerogenes • Enterobacter cloacae Escherichia Escherichia coli Haemophilus Haemophilus ducreyi • Haemophilus haemolyticus • Haemophilus influenzae • Haemophilus parainfluenzae Klebsiella Klebsiella granulomatis • Klebsiella oxytoca • Klebsiella pneumoniae Pasteurella Pasteurella haemolytica • Pasteurella multocida • Pasteurella ureae Plesiomonas Plesiomonas shigelloides Proteus Proteus mirabilis • Proteus vulgaris Salmonella Salmonella Enteritidis • Salmonella Typhi • Salmonella Paratyphi Serratia Serratia marcescens Shigella Shigella boydii • Shigella dysenteriae • Shigella flexneri • Shigella sonnei Vibrio Vibrio cholerae • Vibrio parahemolyticus Yersinia Yersinia enterocolitica • Yersinia pestis • Yersinia pseudotuberculosis microaerophilic Campylobacter Campylobacter coli • Campylobacter fetus • Campylobacter jejuni Helicobacter Helicobacter pylori anaerobic Bacteroides Bacteroides fragilis • Bacteroides vulgatus Fusobacterium Fusobacterium necrophorum • Fusobacterium nucleatum • Fusobacterium stabile Leptotricha Leptotricha buccalis Mobiluncus Mobiluncus curtisii • Mobiluncus mulieris Prevotella Prevotella melaninogenica Porphyromonas Porphyromonas gingivalis
acid resistant	sticks aerobic Mycobacterium Atypical mycobacteria • Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Mycobacterium leprae
non-stainable G +/-	spiral strictly aerobic Leptospira Leptospira biflexa • Leptospira interrogans • Leptospira parva microaerophilic Borrelia Borrelia burgdorferi • Borrelia hermsi • Borrelia recurrentis • Borrelia vincenti strictly anaerobic Treponema Non-pathogenic treponems • Treponema carateum • Treponema pallidum • Treponema phagedenis • Treponema pertenue
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Kategorie:Mikrobiologie Kategorie:Bakterie Kategorie:Články s videem