Hemoglobin

It is oxygen-carrying pigment in the red blood cells. Its molecular weight is 64,450. Hemoglobin is a globular molecule which is made up of four subunits. Each subunit contains heme (an iron-containing porphyrin derivative). Each heme molecule is conjugated to a polypeptide which is called the globin. In each hemoglobin molecule there are 4 chains of polypeptides (2 pairs). In hemoglobin A, which is normal adult human hemoglobin, the two polypeptides are called α chains and the other two, β chains. One can also write Hb A, α₂, β₂ .

Synthesis of Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is synthesized inside developing RBC's(In immature RBCs Cytosol) during Intermediate normoblast stages- It begins in the proerythroblasts and continues slightly even into the reticulocyte stage. Chemical steps in the formation of hemoglobin:

1. 2α Ketoglutonic acid(it comes from creb's cycle) + 2 glycine → pyrrole
2. 4 pyrrole → protoporphyrine
3. porphyrine + Fe⁺ → heme
4. 4 heme + 4 polypeptide chain(2α + 2β → 1 hemoglobin molecule

The average hemoglobin A content in blood is around 15 g/dL. In the whole body of 70-kg man, there are around 900 g of hemoglobin.

Types of Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin structure

• Hemoglobin A (α₂, β₂ chains)
• Hemoglobin A_IC (has a glucose attached to the terminal amino acid valine in each β chain, it increases in the blood of people who suffer from diabetes mellitus)
• Hemoglobin A₂ (instead of 2 β chains, there are 2 δ chains)
• Hemoglobin F (in the fetus, 2 α chains and 2 γ chains)
• Gower 1,2 (in young embryos)

Hemoglobin F

After birth, fetal hemoglobin is replaced (most of the time) by hemoglobin A. In certain people, it persists throughout life. Its oxygen content is greater than adult hemoglobin (Hb F binds 2,3-BPG less avidly). It facilitates movement of oxygen from maternal to the fetal circulation (at later stages of gestation - more oxygen is needed).

Catabolism of Hemoglobin

When old red blood cell (after 120 days) are destroyed, the globin portion is split off, the heme portion is converted to biliverdin and after that it is converted to bilirubin. Bilirubin is a bile pigment which is released into the blood and later secreted by the liver. The iron from the heme is either reused for hemoglobin synthesis or excreted out by the body.

Links

Bibliography

• HALL, John E – GUYTON, Arthur Clifton. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11. edition. Saunders/Elsevier, 2005. ISBN 0721602401.

• GANONG, William. Přehled Lékařské Fyziologie. 20.. edition. Galen, 2001. ISBN 80-7262-311-7.