Histology/Final Slides

This page contains possible additional questions during the slide part of the final exam at 1st Faculty of Medicine. Please, keep in mind that these questions were recorded by students.

Main slides are combination of slides and staining techniquest used during the practical lessons. Note that all combinations of tissue and stain are allowed, not only combinations used in the classes.

List of Questions[edit | edit source]

Extraembryonic mesoderm of somato and splanchnopleure
Is there alkaline phosphatase in the proximal tubule of kidney? Yes
A picture of a leukocyte - which type of leukocyte is it (eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte)
A question regarding megakaryocytes.
Which information does a blood smear provide (blood count,...)
Causes of anaemia (low haemoglobin levels or lower total number of red blood cells)
The structure of proximal tubule in kidneys
How does the sperm cell merge with the oocyte membrane
Parathyroid gland produces…? parathyroid hormone\parathormone
What is not true about resorptive epithelium?
Is pseudostratified columnar simple or stratified? It’s simple
Suprarenal gland - medulla is chromaffin (because it originates from the neural crest)
Which structure is at the urinary pole of glomerulus - the proximal tubule (originates there)
Neutrophil shift to the left = shift to band cells
Cortical reaction during impregnation
Do myoepithelial cells have myofibrils or actin filaments? - actin filaments
Tooth development - picture - an arrow pointing at a structure - which germ layers is it from (ento or meso or ectoderm?)
Schema of a spleen with letters marking each structure - (for example: central artery, ...)
Brush border and an arrow pointing at glycocalyx
The origin of Rathke’s pouch
Granulopoiesis - correct order of the stages of the development
Thymus - What are Hassall's corpuscles? concentric condensations of the reticular epithelium
A picture - stained by luxol blue - the structure in question was perineurium
Gallbladder - which type of epithelium can be found there? Simple columnar
Bilaminar disc - picture
What affects the development of neuroectodermal plate? Notochord
Erytrocyte with 36 picogram of Hb is …. (Hyperchromatic)
Select the correct statement: osteocytes are connected by tight junctions/osteocytes are connected by zonulae occludentes/osteoclasts are connected to the bone matrix by cadherins/osteoclasts are connected to the bone matrix by integrins
What’s the type of epithelium of the middle ear cavity? simple cuboidal
A picture of the capsule of lens
How does the PNS recover/heal
Which nerve ending is capsulated? Nerve ending in cornea/Krause corpuscule/Vater-Pacini corpuscule/Meissner corpuscule
Deparafinization step by step = xylene + alcohol (100%->90%->80%)
Follicular dendritic cell
A slide picture - an arrow pointing at: eccrine gland in papillary layer/muscle erector pili inserts in a fibrous sheath (page 383)/ melanocytes in epidermis/ trichohyalin granules in the internal root sheath of the hair
What is typical for the cells of the suprarenal gland medulla - well developed smooth ER
Nexus is…. - a part of the intercalated disc (cardiac muscle)
A picture of a gland - an arrow pointing at: duct / myoepithelial cells / serous cells
Heart - cardiac muscle tissue + capillaries
A picture of a maternal and paternal pronucleus (page 39 Langman)
A picture of the Z-line (esophagus transitioning to cardia)
Where is the most T-lymphocytes (marginal zone of the spleen, paracortical zone of a lymph node,..)
Molecules with inhibition effect on tropomyosin
Proteins of ribosome
Where are ribosomes created? in the nucleus
Types of epithelium according to function - which one doesn’t belong - answer: trabecular
What forms the secondary palate
Cleavage - blastomeres are smaller and smaller - Langman page 42: „Once the zygote has reached the two-cell stage, it undergoes a series of mitotic divisions, increasing the numbers of cells. These cells, which become smaller with each cleavage division, are known as blastomeres (Fig. 3.8). Until the eight-cell stage, they form a loosely arranged clump. After the third cleavage, however, blastomeres maximize their contact with each other, forming a compact ball of cells held together by tight junctions“
Hyaluronic acid - what is its function in connective tissue
Feulgen stain - what is it used for
When is the oocyte impregnated - answer: 2 weeks before/after menstruation
Where can you find Sertoli cells (rete testis, straight seminiferous tubules…)
Does the cervical mucosa fall off during menstruation?
papillary layer - loose connective tissue
What is fibrocartilage composed of? fibroblasts, chondrocytes,...
Which cells does the molecular layer of the cerebellum contain? dendrites of Purkynje cells,…)
Which layer do the Muller cells of the retina form?
The optical nerve - is it myelinated? Which cells myelinate it?
Microglia (gray/white matter, they form in either gray/white matter and then migrate)
Number of questions about mitochondria
What is placenta increta? (revise the different types of placental abnormalities in presentations/Langmann!)
What is the difference between the secondary/primary sensory cells? Primary sensory cells are transformed neurons, secondary sensory cells are transformed epithelial cells.
Fibroblasts -multipotent
What’s typical for a vessel wall - lined with epithelium / thick muscle tissue in tunica media / elastic fibers in adventitia
Navicular fossa (in penis) - which epithelium is there - stratified squamous non-keratinized.
Blastocyst (4-5 day, 5-6 day…)
Which cell of the formed blood elements no longer undergoes mitosis (the last stages able to undergo mitosis)
Erythrocyte above 9 micrometers = macrocytosis
The thickness of the cell membrane - approximately 10nm
Neutrophilic granulocyte - picture
Choosing correct statements about melanocyte
Proximal tubules of the kidney - proof of alkaline phosphatase using azo coupling reaction (special histochemical technique)
Fetal membranes and placenta - an arrow pointing at one of the layers
Choose the correct statement about dizygotic twins.
A picture of a follicle (primary/secondary/tertiary?)
Peripheral nerve - recovery
A question about the complex of Golgi (has a cis/trans side,...)
What does the „Brilliant cresyl blue“ stain (reticulocytes) (+it’s a supravital technique)
Mammary gland composition - 1) intralobular CT is loose CT and adipose tissue, 2)if it’s serous alveolar gland - FALSE😤, IT IS tubuloalveolar compound gland, 3) if the immunoglobulins leave the epithelial tissue 3) lipids get into the milk by apocrine secretion)
Salivary glands (what is saliva composed of - for example IgA,...)
Sweat gland - 1) is it compound? 2) which layer of the skin can you find it in?
True/false statements about the 8th day of the embryological development
Secondary yolk sac
Picture of the skeletal muscle - recognize the bands (Z-band, I-band, A-band, H-band, M-band)
Picture of the thyroid gland
Schema - development of the neural tube!
Ankyrin - definition
Tropomyosin - definition
Resorptive epithelium
Number of questions regarding fixation
Sertoli cells
Mitochondria and endoplasmatic reticulum
Oligodendrocytes - are they found in CNS/PNS, do they myelinate single/multiple axons,...)
Satellite cells - can be found in ganglia
granular layer of the cerebellum
Development of the maxilla + upper lip
Lens placode (1. The lens forms from a thickening of ectoderm (lens placode) adjacent to the optic cup. Lens induction may begin very early, but contact with the optic cup plays a role in this process as well as in maintenance and differentiation of the lens. If the optic cup fails to contact the ectoderm or if the molecular and cellular signals essential for lens development are disrupted, a lens will not form.
Microglia - function, location, appearance
Goblet cells of the large intestine - how are they stained, function, appearance, where is the nucleus situated
Spinal ganglion - which cells can you find there (pseudounipolar, bipolar, satellite cells)
Suprarenal gland - medulla - what’s the origin - neural crest!
Zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal gland - which hormones are produced, recognize the layer on a slide
Reticular epithelium - can be found only in thymus and enamel organ!
Trabecular epithelium - where can it be found (which organs)
Lymph node - what type of connective tissue is it composed of, afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels
The spleen - composition - picture
. Cells of the amnionic fluid
Ebner (von Ebner) glands - where can they be found, mucous/serous secretion
The nail - composition, layers
Thin skin type - where can it be found
Number of questions about the oocyte impregnation
Where are androgens produced (suprarenal gland - which layer)
Where are glucocorticoids produced (suprarenal gland - which layer)
Where are chromaffin cells (for example medulla of the suprarenal gland)
Centriole - how big is it? about 0.2 μm in diameter and 0.3-0.5 μm in length
Picture of syncytiotrophoblast
Picture of the large intestine
Where is the central artery located (white pulp in spleen)
Where is the primary heart field located?
Palate development - Langman page 302) - picture with arrows pointing at Maxillary prominence
Gonadotropin
Layers of the retina - know which is which
Which bone has more osteocytes - primary or secondary bone
Development of the somites
What is the cranial end of the germ disc
Taste buds are primary/secondary sensory cells? Secondary
Picture of a satellite cell (glial cell in the PNS - in ganglia)
Picture - identify epineurium
Bergmann glia - also known as Golgi epithelial cells, are...? Specialized, unipolar glial cells featuring cell bodies situated in the Purkynje cell layer and radial fibers passing through the molecular layer of the cerebellum)
Cilia, actin filaments, Intermediate filaments - diameters!
Erythrocyte smaller than 6 micrometers - microcytosis
Where are apocrine glands found? for example: mammary glands
Where are Purkynje cell's dendrites found? In which layer of the cerebellum
Choroid plexus - type of epithelium - simple cuboid
Distal tubule of the kidney - which layer of the kidney is it found in, approximate diameter
Lipofuscin granules - which cells contain them?
Cytokeratin filaments
What doesn’t cross the blood-brain barrier - lipids, glycogen, IgG,...
Podocytes - where are they and what’s their shape?
Mitochondrial DNA - endosymbiotic theory
Granulocyte development stages (the stages were listed in various orders and you were supposed to pick the correct one)
Umbilical cord - which type of connective tissue is the arrow pointing at
Where can you find ameloblasts in a tooth?
Renal cortex and what type of tubules can you find?
Proximal tubule of the nephron
What epithelium is in the vaginal portion of the cervix?
Epithelium in the tympanic cavity? simple cuboidal
Picture of lens with an arrow pointing at the marginal part - what is it? Lens capsule
Where in skin is the stratum lucidum reduced? Possible answers: a) planta pedis (foot) b) palm of hand c) sternocleidomastoid region
In which layer of the skin can you find hair follicles?
In which layer of the skin can we find melanocytes? (Exactly)
Where/When is the blastocyst forming? Possible answers: a) after implantation b) in uterus c) in ovaries
Electron microscopy - picture of microvilli and an arrow pointing at the structure above them - GLYCOCALYX
Types of connective tissue in the mammary gland - both loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue
How are osteocytes connected - possible answers: a) desmosomes, b) zonula adherens c) zonula occludens d) gap junctions
Spleen scheme - identify the structures the arrows are pointing at: a) white pulp b) red pulp c) trabecular artery d) central artery
Which cells do meiosis? possible answers: spermatogonia, spermatocytes
Which structure do theca folliculi cells originate from?
Which structure do melanocytes originate from? Neural crest
Which structure causes the neural crest to differentiate?
What myelinates the nerves in PNS? Schwann cells
Nerve bundle picture - what is the arrow pointing at? (perineurium/epineurium/endoneurium)
Cell cycle - choose the phases in the correct order
Where do sebaceous glands in skin empty (on the skin surface/near the hair)
Embryology picture (page 54 Langmann) - what is the structure - a picture with cytotrophoblast/ syncytiotrophoblast etc options: primary/secondary yolk sac/amnionic cavity/…
What is allantois? Where does it come from?
Type of epithelium in the proximal tubule of the kidney
Protein motor of microfilaments - myosin
Dehydration process in staining with hematoxylin eosin - options: xylene or benzene / alcohol 70%->80%->90%... / alcohol 90%->80%->70%...
In which cells can you find major basic protein (in granules)? eosinophils / basophils / neutrophils? - eosinophils
Cardiomyocyte - what’s the shape + how long and wide - diameters
How is adenohypophysis (pituitary gland) formed (Rathke’s pouch of the ECTOderm)
Which structures originate from the paraxial mesodrerm (the kidneys etc)
What is the cell membrane composed of: options 2 layers of phospholipids /2 layers of proteins
Cilliary corpuscle - options: avascular / type of epithelium / contains smooth muscle,…
Erythrocyte with 32g of hemoglobin is: options: normocyte/…
Picture of an epithelium determine which type of epithelium is it
Urinary bladder: urothelium, 3 layers of muscle - detrusor muscle
Receptors of T lymphocytes
Decidual cells - are they eosinophilic?
A picture of how calcium is released from a muscle? (terminal cisternae? – page 202 junqueira)
karyotype of FISH chromosomes – to recognize that this is down syndrome
What is ameloblast, odontoblast and pulp cavity derived from? (ameloblast – ectoderm of oral cavity, odontoblast – neural crest, pulp - mesenchyme)
When bilaminar disk transform into trilaminar disk (the answers are shown in pictures - the formation of mesoderm)
What is the name of the embryo when it enters the uterus? advanced morula (if there is not such an option – so early blastocyst – page 46 langman)
From which layer does the endoderm develop? (Epiblast, don’t confuse with hypoblast! – page 60 langman)
When the neural groove is made – the neural folds are open to which cavity? (amnionic cavity)
What is the structure of labyrinth duct? (organ of corti with tectorial membrane)
A slide with basophilic staining – we need to recognize what the structure with the arrow (monocyte, basophil)
How much white blood cells are in the blood? (4-10x10^9 per liter OR 4,000-10,000 per microliter)
Centriole is made of? (9 triples of microtubules)
A picture of a tooth before eruption - with an arrow (probably about root sheath...? page 309 langman?)
Picture of renal corpuscle - with arrow and choose the right answer (page 395 in junqueira)
Which granules are found in thrombocytes? (alpha, delta, lambda - they will appear maybe in greek letters)
Process of notochord formation
Where are the cristae of mitochondria located (they are folds on the inner membrane)
Spermatogenesis / oogenesis process (haploid, diploid..)
Development of erythroblast
Glands - a lot of questions
What is the shape of pericytes?
Development of tooth - a lot of questions
A picture of sarcomere with arrow to choose the right structure
polar bodies - information and when does each one develop (page 29 langman)
pictures of granulocytes / agranulocytes
size of granulocytes / agranulocytes
eosinophilic / basophilic of granulocytes / agranulocytes
implantation of blastocyst
specific days of fertilization
pictures of development of face (maxillary prominence, nasal prominence.. - something like in the mock test)
details about amnionic cavity and yolk sac
pictures of different lymphocytes and recognize them
development of philtrum - 2 medial nasal prominences will grow caudally and medially and will fuse between themselves and with maxillary prominence - and become intermaxillary segment - that will grow to be the philtrum, upper lip, primary palate, premaxillary maxillary segment
what is axon made of? (axolemma, axoplasma, neurotubules mainly and neurofilaments)
seminal vesicle – what type of secretion? (viscous material - fructose, prostaglandins, fibrinogen, amino acids, ascorbic acid)
Where is Meissner corpuscle? (encapsulated sensory organ in hairless skin – lips, thick skin)
Embryology of face and teeth
Cleavage of oocoyte – when? (after zygote for 4 days)
Question about neural tube (the answer is foundation of CNS?)
Cell body of neuron (answers were – it is eosinophilic, has large sER, gER -probably gER is correct)
Picture of epithel with goblet cell
Picture of blood vessel with an arrow to – probably internal elastic lamina
Picture of blastocyst – with arrow of epiblast / hypoblast
Purkinje fibers of heart – if it is unmyelinated axon? (NO! it is specialized myocardium)
What type of ducts is the parotid gland? (alveolar, tubular – probably right answer is alveolar / acinus)
What is the most common material for Fixation? (fixation formalin, embedding - parafin
Alveolar septum – contains what? (pneumocyte 1,2 and their basal lamina, dust cell, endothel of capillary and basal lamina + erythrocyte, connective tissue – elastic, reticular fibers, fibroblast) (the basal laminae of the endothel and pneumocyte are fused) (pneumocyte = alveolar epithel)
Question about - Reticular epithel (only in thymus, enamel organs)
Nissel method stainings - stain nissle bodies (rER / gER of neurons)
Size of collagen fiber / fibril
Size of collagen molecule – 300nm long, 1.5nm thick
Collagen, mitochondria, nucleus... - eosinophilic / basophilic? (collagen – eosinophilic, mitochondria – acidophilic/eosinophilic, nucleus – basophilic)
azocoupling method – to know what is different when it is more red (active) or more yellow (less active)
What is primary and secondary sesnsory (primary – with axons like rods/cons, secondary – without axon – olfactory epithel, taste buds)
What is pro-nucleus? The nucleus of sperm and oocyte during the process of ferilization (before the genetic material fuse – the sperm nucleus after it enters the oocyte, and the nucleus of oocyte after meiosis 2)
Immunohistochemistry
monozygotic- dizygotic twins from langman
Primary/secondary/tertiary villi – when (primary – 11-13 days after fertilization, secondary – 16, tertiary – end of 3rd week)
Hematopoiesis – stages, sizes, reticulocyte and orthoerytroblast – what is the difference
Sizes of spermatogenesis cells (picture down in the file)
what surrounds primary villi? (cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast?)
What is decidua basalis? (The maternal part of the placenta – the portion of the endometrium that underliesthe implantation)
A picture of transition epithelium – can be esophagus + cardia, Ano-rectal junction, cervix (ecto+endo), Lips (vermilion)
when notogenesis occurs – day 17
para-axial mesoderm – derived from? (mesoderm?)
RBC size (7.5 micrometer diameter, 2.6 -0.8 micrometer thickness)
Encapsuled nerve ending – Pacinian, Meissner, ruffini
Type of glands – picture below
which type of cells are in the oviduct – ciliated cells + secretory cells (peg cells)
development of maxilla
what is placenta accerta – the placenta grows too deep
what is lobus pyramidalis – part of the thyroid gland
how much reticulocyte is it normal to be in the blood? (I marked 1%)
Orthochromatic cell – has a nucleus
When something is stained in different color of the dye – we call it? Metachromatic dye
What is the hardest tissue of body? Enamel
Slide of vestibule with arrow – answer was endolymph
Slide of bilaminar disc with arrow (from microscop) – answer was extraembryonic mesoderm
What surrounds the umbilical cord?
How much neutrophil band is not normal In the blood? (I marked 9%)
Values of hemocrit of male and female
Sterocilia – covered by? (by plasma membrane – it is just a protrusion of the plasma membrane)
3 layers of trilaminar disk
Which cell is the biggest in spermatogenesis
Why cleft lip and palate are formed
What palatine shelves do / with what the merge?
A picture from electron microscope – question was if it is SEM or TEM
Cell cycle stages – G1-S-G2-M
When blastocyst is formed (answers were – 4-5 day, 5-6 day, 6-7 day, 7-8 day)
What is langerhan cell (APC?)
Picture of hair follicle with an arrow (from microscope) – probably answer was hair pulp
Proliferative phase – under the influence of what? (estrogen)
What is primitive node (Hensen node)? (I marked Elevation of the epiblast)
What is stomodeum
Structure of liver lobule – made of cords of hepatocytes and sinusoids
Picture of slide of crypt of leiberkuhn with an arrow – answer was Paneth cell
Vasa recta of the kidney
What is capacitation
Glycoprotein in cartilage – answer is aggrecan
What is transcytotic – passage of molecules through the cell
Question about BBB
Dozygotic twins – I marked that this is from 2 sperms and 2 oocytes
Where mitotic division occurs in the skin? Stratum basala + spinosum
Question about astrocyte
From where the corpus albicans originage?
Zona pelucida – when degrades
Melanocytes in skin
What is the size of erythrocyte ?
What is the most abundant in blood? Neutrophil, lymphocyte
what is derived from fusion of intermaxillary process + maxillary process
Process of fixation
Layers of ureter
What can we find in spinal ganglion
Picture of tendon, vein from microscope
One slide with recognition of staining (some had AZAN, some PAS)
Seminal vesicel – which epithelium, type of gland (simple coiled?)
Urethra – which epithelium is spongy urethra
Uretra – which glands (glands of litre), which secretion
Recognize podocytes from a picture
Olfactory epithelium – contain what? (supporting cells)
Intercalated disk junction complex – contain – desmosome, gap junction, fasciae adherens)
Primordial follicle – contain what? (primary oocyte, 1 layer of cells – flat follicular cells) ·
Adrenal medulla – which cells? Secerete what? (chromaffin cells, secrete epinephrin / norepinephrine)
Cervix and uterine wall – layers, cells, type of glands
Liver acinus, liver lobule, portal lobule
Photo of brunner’s gland
What is decidua
What is chorionic leave
Pit in pyloric part of kidney
Which type of gland in the crypt of leibrkhun
Iot cells = stellate cells in the liver
Satellite cells in the PNS ganglia
Glial limiting membrane
Recognition of WBC
Which site is the last one to do mitosis in granulopoiesis
From which stage there are granules in granulopoiesis
Axon transport
Which cells are in adenohypophysis
Unilateral cleft lip
Monozygotic twins – can share what?
Embryoblast develop into?
Function of glial cells, supporting cells in PNS?
Eosinophils size
when we do catalyze reaction staining, what do we expect to see? Activity of enzyme (not location)
pseudostratified epithelia – where? Respiratory system
satellite cells – what are they? Supporting cells of nervous system – around cell body in ganglia
axonal transport – what is it? (nerve impulse? / Transport of vesicles from perikaryon to axon? /...)
Merocrine secretion – by exocytosis
Conduction of heart – my modified cardiomyocyte – not nerves
Second polar body – when formed?
Which glands in cervix?
Tympanic cavity – options were – come in contact with the perilymphatic space, come in contact with scala tymypani, covered by simple cuboidal epithelium, lined by · periosteum)
What can we find in the middle portion of sperm? Mitochondira
Function of astrocyte – come in contact with the pia to create membrane limitans?
Thymic-blood barrier
A picture of the vestibular system with arrows (picture below)
What tubes we can find in the renal medulla and cortex
Renal pelvis – what is the lining epithel?
Lingual tonsil – In what part of tongue? (root / posterior third)
M cells in GIT
Tenogenic defects – when is the largest risk for it to happen? (month / weeks)
Why there is bilateral cleft lip
Picture of the slide of developing tooth from olivia with arrows
What stimulate follicular clles? FSH
What cells are in the posterior / neurohypophysis? Terminal axons and piticytes
Intralobular CT of mammary gland
Elastic fibers in lungs
What does it mean compound gland
What gland is the pancreas
Wall of gall bladder
Picture of the spleen with blood vessels with arrows – picture below
Granulopoiesis
Picture of uterus – and recognize with phase it is (proliferative, secretory, menstrual)
Blood-testis barrier
Decidua basalis
Blood-air barrier
Where can we find fenestrated capillaries
Why there is basal labyrinth – to enlarge the space for mitochondria in PCT
A picture with deep pits – what is it? (probably pylorus)
Extraembryionic mesoderm gives rise to? Connective stalk, secondary villi + vessels of tertiary villi
What is the most important part of the filtration of glomerulus
Stroma of bone marrow
What cells are in the islet of Langerhans
Reticular epithelium – where can it be found

Links[edit | edit source]

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

MESCHER, Anthony L.. Junqueira's Basic Histology Text and Atlas. 15th edition. McGraw-Hill, 2018. 1136 pp. pp. 1-1136. ISBN 9781260288414.

SADLER, T.W.. Langman's Medical Embryology. 14th edition. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, 2018. 456 pp. pp. 1-456. ISBN 1496383907.

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Histology/Final Slides

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