LF1 Pathophysiology exam questions 2020
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- The FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS are in BOLD
- Timestamps of the exact time of the video where the answer is hidden will be added soon.
GENERAL
1. Definitions: disease, symptom, syndrome, etiology, pathogenesis - explain using examples.
2. Role of biological rhythms and time in the pathogenesis of diseases; Mechanisms of Compensation and Decompensation, Insufficiency and Failure of functions - explain on examples
3. Tissue damage due to mechanical forces, crush syndrome.
4. Consequences of immobilization: whole body(organism) vs. immobilization of its parts
5. Damage to the human body caused by ionizing and UV radiation.
6. Pathogenesis of poisoning: cyanides, organophosphates, carbon monoxide, nitrates
7. Pathogenesis of poisoning: methanol and ethylene glycol, paracetamol, Amanita phalloides.
8. Pathophysiology of smoking
9. The effect of ethanol on the organism
10. Inheritance of pathological conditions and diseases; pathological variants of genes in the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases, mosaicism
11. Multifactorial mechanisms in the development of pathological conditions, genetic polymorphism, penetration of genetic burden
12. Stress reaction and its phases
13. Cell damage in the pathogenesis of diseases: apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, proteinopathies
14. Tumor growth and tumor spread, interactions between tumor and organism, paraneoplastic syndromes
15. Congenital and acquired immune deficiencies
16. Immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diseases, disorders of immune tolerance
17. Anaphylactic reaction, anaphylactic shock
18. Inflammation - local and systemic signs of inflammation, SIRS, CARS, MODS
19. Sepsis and septic shock
20. Healing of damaged tissues, healing disorders
21. Regulation of intravascular and extravascular volume and osmolarity - pathophysiological aspects
22. Dehydration of the organism
isotonic dehydration
hypotonic dehydration
hypertonic dehydration
23. Hyperhydration of the organism, edema, ascites, hydrothorax
isotonic hyperhydration
hypotonic hyperhydration
hypertonic hyperhydration
24. Disorders of sodium and chloride balance
25. Disorders of potassium balance, ECG manifestations
26. Disorders of calcium and phosphate balance
27. Overview of acid-base balance disorders, compensation mechanisms
28. Acidemia and acidosis - definitions and examples
COPD
29. Alkalemia and alkalosis - definitions and examples
30. Hypoxia - classification, compensation, examples
Hypoxia
31. Tissue ischemia, reperfusion injury
Ischemia
32. Oxygen toxicity, princepals of oxygen therapy
33. Thermoregulation disorders, fever, hyperthermia, hypothermia, application of therapeutic hypothermia
34. Simple starvation vs stress starvation and selective protein malnutrition vs total caloric malnutrition. cachexia
35. Obesity and metabolic syndrome
36. Regulation of glycemia, causes of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia
37. Acute complications of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia
38. Chronic complications of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia
39. Dyslipidemias and their main consequences
40. Hypoproteinemia, dysproteinemia, paraproteinemia
41. Hyperuricemia, Gout.
42. Disorders of iron balance and distribution, iron deficiency and iron excess in the human body
43. Disorders of fetal development, growth disorders
44. Pathophysiology of aging, death of the organism
Pathophysiology of blood
45. Acute and chronic bleeding
46. Anemia - definition and pathophysiological classifications
47. Anemia - functional consequences, compensatory mechanisms, anemic syndrome
48. Normocytic anemias
49. Microcytic anemias
50. Macrocytic anemias
51. Hemolytic disease of the newborn, common anemias in childhood, extramedullary hematopoiesis
52. Failure of hematopoiesis, aplastic crisis, aplastic anemia, myelophthisis, myelofibrosis
aplastic anemia
53. Polycythemia - classification by causes, hyper-viscosity syndrome
54. Acute and chronic leukemias, myelodysplastic syndrome
55. Lymphomas and lymphoproliferative diseases
56. Multiple myeloma and other plasma cell-derived proliferative syndromes (MGUS, Wahlstrom’s hypergammaglobinemia)
57. Pathophysiology of posttransfusion complications and bone marrow transplantation, GvhD
58. Disorders of primary and secondary hemostasis
59. Thrombocytopenias and thrombocytopathies
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopathy
60. Coagulopathies
Coagulopathy
61. Acute hematology - thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
62. Thrombophilias, risk factors for thrombosis
63. Pathophysiology of the spleen - splenomegaly, hypersplenism, consequences of splenectomy, anatomical v functional asplenia
Pathophysiology of the circulatory system
64. Primary and secondary hypertension
65. Acute and chronic consequences of systemic hypertension
66. Pulmonary hypertension
67. Portal hypertension
68. Increase in central, peripheral and pulmonary venous pressure
69. Collapse of circulation, circulatory shock - classification and phases of shock
phases of shock
70. Hypovolemic and distributional shock
hypovolemic shock
distributive shock
Table comparing different types of shock
71. Cardiogenic and obstructive shock
table comparing different types of shock
72. Thrombosis and thromboembolisms
73. Atherosclerosis
74. Venous insufficiency, disorders of lymphatic circulation
venous thrombus
lymphedema
Pathophysiology of the heart
75. Ischemic heart disease - basic clasifications (acute coronary syndrome, stable angina pectoris)
76. Myocardial ischemia - causes, manifestations, consequences
77. Acute myocardial infarction - types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis
78. Acute and chronic complications of myocardial infarction
79. ECG changes and mechanisms of their formation during ischemia and myocardial infarction
80. Arrhythmias - classification, causes and mechanisms of origin, circulatory consequences
81. Supraventricular arrhythmias
82. Atrioventricular blocks
83. Ventricular arrhythmias
84. Causes and consequences of acute and chronic heart failure
85. Left-sided and right-side heart failure
86. Systolic and diastolic heart failure (with reduced and preserved ejection fraction)
87. Congenital heart defects
88. Acquired valve defects
89. Endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis
90. Cardiomyopathies
Pathophysiology of respiratory system
91. Ventilation - its regulation and disorders
92. Changes in the ventilation perfusion ratio, diffusion disorders
93. Obstructive vs restrictive lung disorders - comparison, causes, manifestations seen in spirometry
94. Dyspnoea - pathophysiological basis
95. Acute and chronic upper airway obstruction, sleep apnea syndrome
96. Atelectasis and collapse of the lungs, pneumothorax
97. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Obstructive_and_restrictive_lung_diseases
98. Genetic diseases - cystic fibrosis, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, primary ciliary dyskinesia (Kartagener's syndrome)
99. Bronchial asthma
https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Obstructive_and_restrictive_lung_diseases
100. Restrictive pulmonary disorders
https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Obstructive_and_restrictive_lung_diseases
101. Causes and consequences of acute and chronic respiratory failure, classification
102. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (acute respiratory distress syndrome, Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome)
103. Pulmonary edema, pneumonias
104. Pulmonary embolisms
105. Pleural diseases, pleural effusions
Pathophysiology of kidneys and urinary tract
Coiled: Nephrology https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcD7sq2YwW1PXC3ouczDlMG9mMA4w8Zl_
106. Definitions and examples of causes: oliguria, anuria, azotemia, uremia, polyuria, isostenuria, hypostenuria, hyperstenuria, dysuria
107. Disorders of glomerular functions, nephritic and nephrotic syndrome
108. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN), phases of ATN
109. Tubulointerstitial nephritis
110. Proteinuria and hematuria
111. Acute renal injury (AKI) - prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal causes
112. Chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease, principle of dialysis
113. Renal endocrine disorders and renal osteopathy
114. Urolithiasis, disorders of the urinary tract and bladder
Pathophysiology of the digestive tract, liver and pancreas
115. Diseases of the oral cavity - of teeth, periodontium, salivation; manifestations of systemic diseases in the oral cavity
116. Swallowing disorders and esophageal passage disorders
117. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, hiatal hernias
118. Disorders of gastric secretion and motility, post-gastrectomy syndromes, postprandial syndromes.
119. Acute and chronic gastritis
120. Gastric and duodenal ulcers
121. Maldigestion, malabsorption, malabsorption syndromes
122. Celiac disease
123. Nonspecific Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - Crohn's disease, Ulcerative colitis
124. Pathophysiological mechanisms of ileus, other causes of Acute Abdomen
125. Diarrhea, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Pseudomembranous Colitis
126. Constipation, Diverticulosis, Megacolon
127. Colonic polyps, Colorectal cancer
128. Gastrointestinal bleeding
129. Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis, Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas
130. Hepatitis, toxic and metabolic liver damage, liver steatosis, steatohepatitis
131. Liver Failure
132. Liver Cirrhosis
133. Jaundice
134. Cholestasis, Diseases of the Gallbladder and bile ducts
Pathophysiology of the endocrine system
135. The principle of negative feedback in endocrinology, Examples of glandular and receptor disorders
136. Disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, Hypothalamus and pituitary gland diseases
137. Thyroid disorders, differences in children and adults
138. Hyperthyroidism
139. Hypothyroidism, goiter
140. Parathyroid disorders
141. Hyperaldosteronism, Conn's syndrome
142. Pheochromocytoma, Paraganglioma, Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
143. Hypercortisolism, Cushing's syndrome
144. Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex, Addison's disease, Adrenogenital syndrome
145. Type 1 and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
146. Ovulation Disorders and Menstrual Disorders, Causes of Female infertility, Hirsutism and Virilization
147. Causes of Male infertility, Erectile dysfunction, Gynecomastia
Pathophysiology of the nervous system
148. Quantitative and Qualitative Disorders of Consciousness, Evaluation of the state of consciousness in children and adults, Brainstem reflexes
149. Short-term loss of consciousness - syncope and other causes
transient loss of consciousness, epileptic seizure vs. syncope
syncope classification
syncope vs. epileptic seizure
150. Coma, Vegetative state, Locked-in syndrome, Brain Death - comparison
151. Sleep Disorders: general classification, Obstructive sleep apnea
152. Stroke, Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Stroke
TIA
153. Pathophysiological mechanisms of Stroke (Cytotoxic Edema, Vasogenic Edema, Excitotoxicity, Vasospasm)
154. Ischemic stroke
155. Hemorrhagic stroke
156. CNS trauma (Commotion, Contusion, Epidural and Subdural hematoma)
157. Spinal Cord Injury, Lesions and Syndromes
158. Intracranial hypertension
159. Motor neuron Disorders, The Neuromuscular Junction Disorders
160. Peripheral neuropathy, Damage and Regeneration of peripheral nerves
161. Epilepsy - pathophysiological classification
Direct timestemps:
Epileptic seizure https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Epileptic_seizure
Epilepsy https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Epilepsy
Epileptogenesis https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/epileptogenesis
Status epilepticus https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Status_epilepticus
Play video from start:
162. Demyelination diseases, Multiple sclerosis
163. Basal ganglia diseases, Parkinson's disease
164. Disorders of the Vestibular system and cerebellum
165. Disorders of Cognitive functions, Dementia
166. Disorders of Hearing and Vision
167. Pain
Pathophysiology of connective tissues
168. Pathophysiology of bones - Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, Rickets
