Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder classified according to ICD-10 among other anxiety disorders . It is characterized by repeated paroxysms of massive anxiety (so-called panic attacks), which, unlike a phobia , are not tied to any specific situation and, as a rule, cannot be predicted. A panic attack is accompanied by numerous vegetative symptoms, which is why it can be mistakenly interpreted as a physical illness. People suffering from this disease also often acquire the mistaken belief that they have fallen ill with a serious psychological or somatic disorder. Although the patient is usually sufficiently educated about his problems after the diagnosis of the disease, during an attack he is unable to control his state of will.

Epidemiology

The lifetime prevalence is between 1.4-3.5%, and the annual prevalence is around 1%. The first attack usually occurs during adolescence and early adulthood (15–24 years), or around the age of 50. The disease affects women twice as often.

Etiology and pathogenesis

Despite the small number of studies focused on the influence of genetic factors on this disease, it is possible to conclude that the disease has a clear genetic component (among other things, a higher concordance was clearly demonstrated in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic twins). In the autonomic nervous system, sympathetic tone is also increased and its inadequate reactions to mild stimuli are also evident. Other causes are biological abnormalities in the CNS (dysregulation in the noradrenergic , dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems). Disorders in the GABAergic neurotransmitter system and others also come into consideration (Praško et al. 2011).

Psychological theories attribute significance to pathological patterns of behavior

• in interpersonal relationships ( psychoanalytic theories)
• when interpreting the symptoms of a normal stress reaction – e.g. palpitations, dizziness (cognitive behavioral model)

Course and manifestations

Video in English, definition, pathogenesis, symptoms, complications, treatment.

A panic attack is accompanied by a number of vegetative and psychological symptoms.

Physical symptoms:

• Tightness in the chest or throat
• Increased muscle tone
• Tachycardia
• Chest or head pain
• Shortness of breath
• Muscle tremors
• Vertigo
• Nausea
• Dry mouth
• Flushes of heat or cold
• In the blink of an eye

Psychological symptoms:

• Mental tension
• Feeling of loss of control and self-control
• Catastrophic interpretations of bodily symptoms
• Feelings of fainting
• Fear of going insane, dying, or disappearing
• Feelings of depersonalization or derealization

First definition of ecotoxicology (1969): René Truhaut: the study of the adverse effects of chemicals with the aim of protecting natural species and communities. Rachel Carson (1962): the memoir The Silent Spring highlights the use of pesticides , especially DDT and other agrochemicals. The book led to the establishment of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the USA. Introduction of methods describing the toxic effects of human-produced substances on the environment and the organisms contained therein. Systematic implementation of fish toxicity testing methods. In addition to direct toxic effects, the effects of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation are studied – increases in the concentration of foreign substances in the tissues of organisms as a result of exposure from the environment.

2004 EC ratification: Persistent Organic Pollutants Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution The aim of the protocol is to limit, reduce or eliminate the discharge, emissions and losses of persistent organic pollutants that have significant adverse effects on human health or the environment due to long-range transboundary air transport.

In 2006 , Regulation No. 166/2006 of the European Parliament and the EC Council was issued, establishing the European Register of Releases and Transfers of Pollutants . It represents a publicly accessible database of pollutant releases into the air, water and soil, information on wastewater, information on pollutant releases from dispersed sources.

In 2003 , the proposal for a new framework for legislation covering the safety of chemicals REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) was accepted by the European Commission and approved by the European Parliament . Enterprises and firms that import more than 1 ton of a chemical compound per year will be forced to register this chemical in a central data bank. The aim is to improve the protection of the health of nature, including people, to increase the innovation capacity and the ability of the chemical industry to compete in the European Union. The new measures concern not only new chemical substances introduced to the market, but also substances that have been used for a long time. The program aims to ensure that by 2020 at the latest, only chemical substances with known properties and in a way that does not harm human health and the environment are used.

Despite the fact that panic disorder can be almost disabling, the patient is usually well socially adapted. During the attack, the person in question may not be visible, or may give the impression of fear, fright, nervousness or confusion.

Associated phenomena

Among the most common complications associated with the anxiety itself are agoraphobia (comorbidity of around 50-70%), depression and feelings of depersonalization (appearance of the unreality of one's self, physical body or part thereof) and derealization(the surrounding world appears alien, immaterial, non-existent). Since these are secondary symptoms, or the complication is that by curing the primary problem (PP), the second one will almost always disappear as well. The treatment is also complicated by the emergence of learned pathological thought patterns, which deepen the attacks, which also become more frequent. It is essentially "anticipatory anxiety" - a person suffering from the disorder is afraid that an attack will attack him in a place or situation where he has been attacked in the past and expects unpleasant consequences (that he will become socially disabled, urinate, etc., although this has never happened to him ) – this leads to avoidance behavior (so-called anticipatory behavior), which in some cases leads to social isolation and the patient hardly leaves the apartment, etc. 7% of people suffering from PP attempt suicide, in the case of comorbidity with depression up to 20%.

Treatment

In the case of PP, the sooner treatment is started, the shorter and milder the course of the disease will be. Due to the large number of manifestations of the disease, it is appropriate to exclude other clinically serious diseases whose symptoms may coincide with the symptoms of an anxiety attack ( myocardial infarction , asthma , epilepsy , intoxication , tumor ).

Pharmacotherapy

• Antidepressants : Antidepressants from the SSRI group (Sertraline, Citalopram) and SNRI (Venlafaxine), or tricyclic antidepressants (Imipramine, Clomipramine) are the first-choice drugs. Their effects are usually seen in 3-6 weeks.
• Benzodiazepines : Benzodiazepines are usually prescribed to manage acute anxiety, usually high-potency benzodiazepines with a dominant anxiolytic effect, i.e. alprazolam (Neurol, Xanax) or clonazepam (Rivotril). However, due to their high potential for habituation, their use is only suitable at the beginning of treatment, until the full effect of antidepressants is manifested (usually max. 6 weeks), or in case of a massive attack even during treatment. They should be withdrawn gradually, as a withdrawal syndrome (anxiety, rarely even epileptic seizures) occurs when the use of these drugs is suddenly stopped.
• Antipsychotics : In the case of a serious clinical picture and when antidepressants of any group did not help enough, antipsychotics ( Sulpiride ) can be used in addition to antidepressants.

Psychotherapy

In the case of psychotherapy , cognitive behavioral therapy is most often used . It is advisable to sufficiently educate the patient about his problems, possibly explain the vicious circle of anxiety and at the same time reassure him that he did the right thing by seeking help. It is also important to eliminate anticipatory behavior and practice the ability to find a rational insight into your panic thoughts. It is also in place to find and eliminate the causes in his private life, to which the patient reacts with a panic attack.

Forecast

It depends on a lot of factors, the early intervention of a therapist who can bring relief to the patient with a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy is especially important. About 40% of patients have a chronic course despite treatment. Both spontaneous recovery and relapse after years without symptoms can occur. Treatment is usually long-term, lasting even years, exceptionally only months.

Links

Related Articles

• Anxiety disorders
• Benzodiazepines
• Antidepressants

References

• PRAŠKO, Ján, et al. Panic disorder. Practicus [online] . 2011, year 10, well. 9, pp. 11-17, also available from < http://www.practicus.eu >. ISSN 1213-8711. 

• PRAŠKO, Ján, et al. Panic disorder and how to manage it. 1st edition. Prague: Galén, 2006.  ISBN 80-7262-424-5 .

• PRAŠKO, Ján, et al. Panická porucha a jak ji zvládat. 1. edition. Praha : Galén, 2006. ISBN 80-7262-424-5.