Regenerative (non-oxidative) phase of the pentose cycle
The pentose cycle is a catabolic process that provides reduced cofactors NADPH and five-carbon carbohydrates, or pentoses. It is a metabolic conversion of glucose, which goal is not to create ATP.
Progress of the regeneration phase of the pentose cycle[edit | edit source]
In the regeneration phase, mutual transformations of phosphorylated monosaccharide molecules occur.
These reactions are freely reversible (reversible).
Basic Scheme[edit | edit source]
The basic diagram of the regeneration phase of the pentose cycle could be simply written as:
- 3 C5 → 2 C6 + C3
- 3 Ribulose-5-P → 2 fructose-6-P + glyceraldehyde-3-P
More detailed diagram[edit | edit source]
At a closer look:
- 1) Conversion of ribulose-5-P to ribose-5-P (ketosis is changed to aldose with the help of isomerase) or to xylulose-5-P ( catalyzed by epimerase)
- 2) The following is a pair of reactions expressed by equations:
- C5 + C5 ↔ C3 + C7 ↔ C6 + C4
- Xylulose-5-P + ribose-5-P ↔ glyceraldehyde-3-P + sedoheptulose-7-P ↔ Fru-6-P + erythrose-4 -P
- These reactions are catalyzed by two transferases – transketolase and transaldolase.
- Transketolase transports two-carbon units from xylulose-5-P (ketose) to ribose-5-P to form glyceraldehyde-3-P and sedoheptulose-7-P (the cofactor of the enzyme is a derivative of vitamin B1 – thiamine diphosphate).
- Transaldolase transfers three-carbon units from sedoheptulose-7-P (ketosis) to the aldehyde group of glyceraldehyde-3-P.
- In general, carbon grafts (C3- and C2-units) are made from ketoses and aldoses become their recipient.
- In general, carbon grafts (C3- and C2-units) are made from ketoses and aldoses become their recipient.
- The result is that a shorter aldose is formed from ketose and a longer ketose is formed from aldose.
- 3) In order not to accumulate unnecessary erythrose-4-P, its reaction with xylulose-5-P follows:
- C4 + C5 → C3 + C6
- Erythrose-4-P + Xylulose-5-P → Glyceraldehyde-3-P + Fructose-6-P
The resulting products of the second phase, fructose-6-P and glyceraldehyde-3-P, can be either burned by the reactions of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis ( also take place in the cytoplasm), or converted to glucose-6-P. This can again enter the oxidative phase of the cycle, and the pentose cycle is closed. At this point we can clearly see how glycolysis/gluconeogenesis is closely linked to the pentose cycle.
Sometimes we can even come across the claim that the pentose cycle is their divagation.
If we look at the pentose cycle as an alternative pathway of glucose oxidation, we can write the summary equation:
- 6 Glucose-6-P → 6 CO2 + 6 ribulose-5-P + 12 NADPH+ H+
- 6 Ribulose-5-P →→→ regeneration phase and gluconeogenesis →→→ 5 glucose-6-P
This occurs if the cell needs to maximize NADPH gain.
However, the pentose cycle can also serve as a source of ribose-5-P or other monosaccharides. If the cell needs them (and does not require NADPH), the second phase of the cycle can be reversed, and by the opposite sequence of reactions, glyceraldehyde-3-P and fructose-6-P are pumped out of glycolysis, and it gradually changes to ribose-5-P or other monosaccharides.
