Solution

From WikiLectures

A solution is a homogeneous or seemingly homogeneous mixture of at least two substances - a solute and a solvent (in excess). The particles of these substances are perfectly mixed and do not react with each other.

Solution types[edit | edit source]

True solutions (homogeneous mixture)[edit | edit source]

A homogeneous mixture contains only particles smaller than 10 −9 m , e.g. true solutions

  • gaseous – molecules of one gas dispersed between molecules of another gas, e.g. air
  • liquid – is the most common, molecules or ions of low molecular weight substances dispersed in a liquid, e.g. NaCl solution in water
  • solid – individual atoms (ions) of one solid substance dispersed between particles of another solid substance, e.g. metal alloy

Colloidal solution (colloidal mixture)[edit | edit source]

Molecules of organic substances or clusters of inorganic molecules dispersed in a liquid, eg proteins in water

The colloidal mixture contains only particles with a size in the range of 10 −7 –10 −9 m , e.g. aerosol, colloidal solution, emulsion

Dispersion – a mixture of substances, one of which is finely dispersed (dispersed) in another

Dispersion medium – if the mixture contains a substance that is continuous throughout the volume of the system

Solvent Types[edit | edit source]

A solvent is a substance with the ability to dissolve substances, creating homogeneous mixtures → solutions.

Classification by Polarity

Polar[edit | edit source]

  • contain an ionic or covalent polar bond, e.g. water
  • dissolves polar and ionic compounds, e.g. NaCl
  • they are divided into protic (protolytic reactions take place in them with a detachable proton – alcohols, NH 4(l) ) and aprotic (acetone)

Non-polar[edit | edit source]

  • no or only non-polar functional groups → dissolve non-polar substances, e.g. plastics, mothballs
  • non-polar substances have a smaller electronegativity difference, so they are more difficult to separate
  • they are not miscible with water
  • e.g. gasoline

Links[edit | edit source]

Related Articles[edit | edit source]

Resources[edit | edit source]

  • LEDVINA, Miroslav, et al. Biochemistry for medical students. 2nd edition. Prague: Karolinum, 2009. 548 pp. ISBN 978-80-246-1414-4 .
  • BENEŠOVÁ, Marika and Hana SATRAPOVÁ. Graduate! from chemistry. 1st edition. Brno: Didaktis, 2002. 208 pp. ISBN 80-862-8556-1 .
  • Presentation from the website of the Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics.

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE = SOLUTION

= a mixture in which the individual components cannot be distinguished by sight, magnifying glass or microscope

division of solutions: a) solid (brass, bronze...)

b) liquid (salt water, mineral water,...)

c) gaseous (air,...)