Solution
A solution is a homogeneous or seemingly homogeneous mixture of at least two substances - a solute and a solvent (in excess). The particles of these substances are perfectly mixed and do not react with each other.
Solution types[edit | edit source]
True solutions (homogeneous mixture)[edit | edit source]
A homogeneous mixture contains only particles smaller than 10 −9 m , e.g. true solutions
- gaseous – molecules of one gas dispersed between molecules of another gas, e.g. air
- liquid – is the most common, molecules or ions of low molecular weight substances dispersed in a liquid, e.g. NaCl solution in water
- solid – individual atoms (ions) of one solid substance dispersed between particles of another solid substance, e.g. metal alloy
Colloidal solution (colloidal mixture)[edit | edit source]
Molecules of organic substances or clusters of inorganic molecules dispersed in a liquid, eg proteins in water
The colloidal mixture contains only particles with a size in the range of 10 −7 –10 −9 m , e.g. aerosol, colloidal solution, emulsion
Dispersion – a mixture of substances, one of which is finely dispersed (dispersed) in another
Dispersion medium – if the mixture contains a substance that is continuous throughout the volume of the system
Solvent Types[edit | edit source]
A solvent is a substance with the ability to dissolve substances, creating homogeneous mixtures → solutions.
Classification by Polarity
Polar[edit | edit source]
- contain an ionic or covalent polar bond, e.g. water
- dissolves polar and ionic compounds, e.g. NaCl
- they are divided into protic (protolytic reactions take place in them with a detachable proton – alcohols, NH 4(l) ) and aprotic (acetone)
Non-polar[edit | edit source]
- no or only non-polar functional groups → dissolve non-polar substances, e.g. plastics, mothballs
- non-polar substances have a smaller electronegativity difference, so they are more difficult to separate
- they are not miscible with water
- e.g. gasoline
Links[edit | edit source]
Related Articles[edit | edit source]
Resources[edit | edit source]
- LEDVINA, Miroslav, et al. Biochemistry for medical students. 2nd edition. Prague: Karolinum, 2009. 548 pp. ISBN 978-80-246-1414-4 .
- BENEŠOVÁ, Marika and Hana SATRAPOVÁ. Graduate! from chemistry. 1st edition. Brno: Didaktis, 2002. 208 pp. ISBN 80-862-8556-1 .
- Presentation from the website of the Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics.
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE = SOLUTION
= a mixture in which the individual components cannot be distinguished by sight, magnifying glass or microscope
division of solutions: a) solid (brass, bronze...)
b) liquid (salt water, mineral water,...)
c) gaseous (air,...)