Staging

Staging is determination of the extent of the tumor. A number of systems are used for staging. The most common is the TNM system.

	TNM
pTNM	postoperative, pathological classification
yTNM	posttherapeutic classification
rTNM	recurrence classification

• T (tumor; indicates tumor size)

1. T_x (size cannot be determined)
2. T₀ (none)
3. T₁
4. T₂
5. T₃
6. T₄ (growing into surrounding tissues - skin etc.)
7. T_is (carcinoma in situ)

• N (nodes; tells us if regional lymph nodes) are affected

1. N_x (cannot be determined)
2. N₀ (regional lymph node are not affected)
3. N₁
4. N₂
5. N₃

• M (Metastases; tells, if distant metastases have been established)

1. M_x (cannot be determined)
2. M₀ (no metastases presented )
3. M₁ (metastases present)

In the final analysis 5 stages with different prognosis are created:

• St.0 – carcinoma in situ; without metastases
• St.1 – small, invasive carcinoma; without metastases
• St.2 – larger invasive carcinoma; there may be minor lymph node involvement
• St.3 – extensive invasive carcinoma; extensive lymph node involvement
• St.4 – distant metastases in any extent of primary tumour

from other staging systems should be mentioned:

• Dukes system (I–III): is used for staging colorectal cancer .
• FIGO system (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) (I–IV): is used for staging malignant cervical cancer.
• Clark and Breslow classification: is used for staging Malignant melanoma.

References

Related articles

• Tumour classification

Source

• BENEŠ, Jiří. Study materials  [online]. © 2007. [feeling. 2010-03]. < http://jirben2.chytrak.cz/materialy/onko_JB.doc >.

References

• PETRUŽELKA, Luboš and Bohuslav KONOPÁSEK, et al. Clinical oncology. 1st edition. Prague: Karolinum, 2003.  ISBN 80-246-0395-0 .