Vagina - Structure and Syntopy

Vagina - Structure and Syntopy

The vagina is a fibromuscular tube forming the female genital canal. It serves as the passage for menstrual flow, childbirth, and sexual intercourse. Below is a detailed explanation based on Gray’s Anatomy and Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy.

1. Structure of the Vagina

The vagina is approximately 7–9 cm in length, extending from the external vaginal orifice to the cervix of the uterus. It is composed of four layers:

1.     Mucosa:

a.     Lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

b.     Contains transverse ridges (rugae) that allow stretching during intercourse and childbirth.

c.     Lacks glands; lubrication is primarily from cervical mucus and secretions from the vestibular glands.

2.     Muscular Layer:

a.     Composed of smooth muscle arranged in an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer.

b.     Supports structural integrity and elasticity.

3.     Adventitia:

a.     Outer connective tissue layer that blends with surrounding tissues, providing structural support.

4.     Clinical Relevance

a.     Fistulae:

                                              i.     Vesicovaginal or rectovaginal fistulae may occur due to trauma, surgery, or prolonged labor, causing abnormal connections between the vagina and adjacent organs.

b.     Prolapse:

                                              i.     Vaginal prolapse can occur due to weakening of the pelvic floor muscles, causing displacement of adjacent organs into or outside the vaginal canal.

c.     Surgical and Diagnostic Access:

                                              i.     The posterior fornix provides access to the rectouterine pouch for procedures like culdocentesis.