Spinal tumors: Difference between revisions
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[[Soubor:Klasifikace spinálních nádorů.jpg|náhled|Klasifikace spinálních nádorů|alt=|400px]] | [[Soubor:Klasifikace spinálních nádorů.jpg|náhled|Klasifikace spinálních nádorů|alt=|400px]] Spinal tumors represent a range of neoplasms within the [[CNS]]. Compared to intracranial tumors, they are less common, accounting for approximately 15% of all [[CNS]] tumors <ref>{{Citace | ||
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}}</ref>. | }}</ref>. The most common tumors of the spinal cord are secondary tumors - the vast majority are metastases of [[Lung cancer|lung]], [[Breast cancer|breast]], [[Prostate cancer|prostate]], [[Kidney cancer|kidney]] and [[thyroid cancer]]. <ref name="metastázy">{{Citace | ||
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| doi = 10.1007/s00586-009-1252-x}}</ref>. | | doi = 10.1007/s00586-009-1252-x}}</ref>. | ||
Within the treatment modalities, '''surgery''' supplemented with [[radiotherapy]] and [[chemotherapy]] predominates. It is important to solve the problem immediately - although [[benign]] tumors usually grow slowly, they can progress rapidly, and despite subsequent decompression, functions may not fully recover. | |||
== | ==Classification== | ||
Spinal tumors are divided on the basis of: | |||
*''' | *'''localization''' - extradural and intradural (those further to extramedullary and intramedullary), | ||
*''' | *'''biological nature''' - [[malignant]] and [[benign]], | ||
*''' | *'''origin''' - primary spinal neoplasia or secondary tumors. | ||
It should be noted that although in this article we classify individual neoplasias into individual groups, often a given tumor does not have to occur in only one. The following classification is therefore based on the most common and common localization for a given tumor. | |||
'''Classification of primary spinal tumors - only [[metastases]] are classified as secondary spinal cord tumors'''<ref name="springer">{{Citace | |||
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| příjmení1 = Arnautović | | příjmení1 = Arnautović | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" |EXTRADURAL | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" |INTRADURAL | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Benign | ||
| | |Malignant | ||
| | |Extramedullary | ||
| | |Intramedullary | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
*[[osteoidní osteom]] | *[[osteoidní osteom|osteoid osteoma]] | ||
*[[osteoblastom]] | *[[osteoblastom|osteoblastoma]] | ||
* | *enchondrum | ||
* | *chondroblastoma | ||
* | *chondromyxoid fibroma | ||
* | *fibroma | ||
*[[hemangiom]] | *[[hemangiom|hemangioma]] | ||
* | *giant cell tumor | ||
* | *aneurysmal bone cyst | ||
* | *eosinophilic granuloma | ||
| | | | ||
*[[osteosarkom]] | *[[osteosarkom|osteosarcoma]] | ||
*[[chondrosarkom]] | *[[chondrosarkom|chondrosarcoma]] | ||
* | *fibrosarcoma | ||
* | *malignant fibrous histiocytoma | ||
*[[Ewingův sarkom]] | *[[Ewingův sarkom|Ewing's sarcoma]] | ||
*[[mnohočetný myelom]] | *[[mnohočetný myelom|multiple myeloma]] | ||
*[[lymfom]] | *[[lymfom|lymphoma]] | ||
* | *chord | ||
| | | | ||
*[[Meningeomy| | *[[Meningeomy|meningioma]] | ||
* | *neurofibroma | ||
* | *swan | ||
| | | | ||
*[[ependymom]] | *[[ependymom|ependymoma]] | ||
*[[astrocytom]] | *[[astrocytom|astrocytoma]] | ||
* | *hemangioblastoma | ||
* | *dermoid tumor | ||
* | *epidermoid tumor | ||
*[[teratom]] | *[[teratom]] | ||
*[[lipom]] | *[[lipom]] | ||
* | *ganglioglioma | ||
*[[oligodendrogliom]] | *[[oligodendrogliom|oligodendroglioma]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | ==Diagnostics== | ||
*'''[[Nukleární magnetická rezonance|MR]]''' – | *'''[[Nukleární magnetická rezonance|MR]]''' – primary choice, especially axial and sagittal '''T1''' and '''T2''' '''images'''. In practice, [[DTI]] (diffusion tensor imaging) and '''FT''' (fiber tractography) are already commonly used for more detailed imaging of white matter pathways (their displacements, compression, etc.) due to tumor location. <ref>{{Citace | ||
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| příjmení1 = Gangadharan | | příjmení1 = Gangadharan | ||
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| issn = 2307-8960 | | issn = 2307-8960 | ||
| doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v4.i1.1}}</ref>. | | doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v4.i1.1}}</ref>. | ||
*'''[[Výpočetní tomografie|CT]]''' – | *'''[[Výpočetní tomografie|CT]]''' – used mainly before MR, nowadays it is definitely not an imaging method of first choice in the field of spinal tumor diagnostics <ref>{{Citace | ||
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| příjmení1 = Ottenhausen | | příjmení1 = Ottenhausen | ||
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| issn = 0344-5607 | | issn = 0344-5607 | ||
| doi = 10.1007/s10143-018-0957-x}}</ref>. | | doi = 10.1007/s10143-018-0957-x}}</ref>. However, it can be performed as an additional examination, most often in extradural spinal tumors for imaging of calcifications, mineralizations, etc. <ref>{{Citace | ||
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| příjmení1 = Guillevin | | příjmení1 = Guillevin | ||
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| issn = 0150-9861 | | issn = 0150-9861 | ||
| doi = 10.1016/j.neurad.2007.05.003}}</ref> | | doi = 10.1016/j.neurad.2007.05.003}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[Angiografie]]''' – | *'''[[Angiografie|Angiography]]''' – additional diagnostic method for imaging eg vascularization in case of hypervascular tumors, embolization, etc. <ref>{{Citace | ||
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| příjmení1 = Krings | | příjmení1 = Krings | ||
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| issn = 1052-5149 | | issn = 1052-5149 | ||
| doi = 10.1016/j.nic.2007.01.001}}</ref> | | doi = 10.1016/j.nic.2007.01.001}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[RTG]]''' – | *'''[[RTG]]''' – especially in extradural tumors for imaging bone abnormalities. | ||
*'''[[PET|PET/CT]]''' – | *'''[[PET|PET/CT]]''' – indicated especially in patients with intramedullary high-grade tumors to evaluate their malignancy <ref>{{Citace | ||
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Soubor:Ependymoma.png | Soubor:Ependymoma.png | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
== | ==Extradural tumors== | ||
Extradural tumors represent the majority of spinal tumors (55%)<ref name="springer" />. These are mostly secondary tumors. | |||
=== | ===Primary extradural tumors=== | ||
Primary extradural tumors are more common [[CNS]] neoplasms compared to primary intradural tumors. They mainly represent vertebral tumors causing a diverse spectrum of bone deformities, which result in spinal cord or cauda compression and associated problems. <ref name="springer" /> | |||
==== | ====Benign==== | ||
[[Soubor:Spinal osteoid osteoma.jpg|náhled|CT – spinální osteoidní osteom]] | [[Soubor:Spinal osteoid osteoma.jpg|náhled|CT – spinální osteoidní osteom]] | ||
=====[[Osteoidní osteom]]===== | =====[[Osteoidní osteom|Osteoid osteoma]]===== | ||
{{Podrobnosti|Osteoidní osteom}} | {{Podrobnosti|Osteoidní osteom}} | ||
Osteoid osteoma is a [[benign]] bone tumor that occurs predominantly in children and adolescents. They typically have lucrative '''nidus''' (usually 1.5-2 cm in size) and an '''osteosclerotic margin'''. Osteoid osteomas of the spine, most often located in the lumbar part, represent approximately 10% of all osteoid osteomas - primarily these tumors occur in the long bones (most often the [[femur]], [[tibia]]). <ref>{{Citace | |||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
Spinal osteoid osteomas in the vast majority cause painful [[scoliosis]], concavely on the lesion side, vertebral deformities create compression on the spinal cord. The therapy is surgical, or radiofrequency ablation is used. <ref>{{Citace | |||
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| příjmení1 = Freiberger | | příjmení1 = Freiberger | ||
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| issn = 0364-2348 | | issn = 0364-2348 | ||
| doi = 10.1007/s00256-017-2662-1}}</ref> [[Soubor:Osteoblastoma C7 TC.png|náhled|CT – spinální osteoblastom]] | | doi = 10.1007/s00256-017-2662-1}}</ref> [[Soubor:Osteoblastoma C7 TC.png|náhled|CT – spinální osteoblastom]] | ||
=====[[Osteoblastom]]===== | =====[[Osteoblastom|Osteoblastoma]]===== | ||
{{Podrobnosti|Osteoblastom}} | {{Podrobnosti|Osteoblastom}} | ||
Osteoblastoma is also a [[benign]] tumor that occurs predominantly in younger patients and is characterized by its local aggressiveness. It is typically significantly '''vascularized''', unlike [[osteoid osteoma]], '''does not contain an osteosclerotic margin''', otherwise they are histologically very similar. Osteoblastoma occurs in spongiosis, usually exceeding the size of 2 cm. <ref>{{Citace | |||
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| doi = 10.1007/bf00180597}}</ref> | | doi = 10.1007/bf00180597}}</ref> | ||
The incidence of spinal osteoblastomas is approximately 40% of all osteoblastomas, most often occurring in the cervical area, they also cause very painful back pain associated with [[scoliosis]]. The procedure of therapy is more or less identical to osteoid osteoma. <ref>{{Citace | |||
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| příjmení1 = Kroon | | příjmení1 = Kroon | ||
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| issn = 0033-8419 | | issn = 0033-8419 | ||
| doi = 10.1148/radiology.175.3.2343130}}</ref> | | doi = 10.1148/radiology.175.3.2343130}}</ref> | ||
==== | ====Malignant==== | ||
=====[[Osteosarkom]]===== | =====[[Osteosarkom|Osteosarcoma]]===== | ||
{{Podrobnosti|Osteosarkom}} | {{Podrobnosti|Osteosarkom}} | ||
This [[malignant]] bone tumor typically occurs in younger patients (10-20 years), with up to 75% of these tumors occurring in patients under the age of 20 - bone growth centers are most active at this time. It can also grow secondarily, most often in elderly patients, it is a malignant degeneration of [[Paget's disease of bone|Paget's disease]], [[osteoblastoma]], etc. In osteosarcomas, the prevalence is predominant in the [[femur]], [[tibia]], [[humerus]] - and less often in the [[fibula]], [[mandible]], [[maxilla]], [[vertebrae]]. <ref>{{Citace | |||
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| doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000011210}}</ref> | | doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000011210}}</ref> | ||
It most often [[metastasizes]] to the lungs, [[brain]], other bones and organs <ref>{{Citace | |||
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| příjmení1 = Fan | | příjmení1 = Fan | ||
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| issn = 1791-2997 | | issn = 1791-2997 | ||
| doi = 10.3892/mmr.2019.10323}}</ref>. | | doi = 10.3892/mmr.2019.10323}}</ref>. It can be treated with [[chemotherapy]], surgical resection, and is relatively resistant to [[radiotherapy]]. | ||
=====[[Chondrosarkom]]===== | =====[[Chondrosarkom|Chondrosarcoma]]===== | ||
{{Podrobnosti|Chondrosarkom}} | {{Podrobnosti|Chondrosarkom}} | ||
Chondrosarcomas represent approximately 25% of primary bone tumors. Unlike osteosarcomas, they are more common in elderly patients, mostly in men (female: male ratio is 1: 2, in spinal lesions this ratio is up to 1: 4). In most cases, these are [[malignant]] primary tumors, but there are also secondary chondrosarcomas that have grown on the basis of initially [[benign]] neoplasia, such as osteochondroma.. <ref>{{Citace | |||
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| doi = 10.1148/rg.235035134}}</ref> | | doi = 10.1148/rg.235035134}}</ref> | ||
Within the spine, they most often occur in its thoracic part, although spinal chondrosarcomas represent only 7% of all these tumors. As in the case of osteosarcoma, they most often occur in the long bones. The therapy is primarily surgical, but [[chemotherapy]] or [[radiotherapy]] may be applied depending on the type and behavior of the tumor. <ref>{{Citace | |||
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| příjmení1 = Katonis | | příjmení1 = Katonis | ||
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| issn = 0362-2436 | | issn = 0362-2436 | ||
| doi = 10.1097/brs.0000000000003494}}</ref>[[Soubor:MRI – metastáza prsního karcinomu.jpg|náhled|MRI – metastáza prsního karcinomu]] | | doi = 10.1097/brs.0000000000003494}}</ref>[[Soubor:MRI – metastáza prsního karcinomu.jpg|náhled|MRI – metastáza prsního karcinomu]] | ||
=== | ===Secondary extradural tumors=== | ||
Secondary tumors of the spinal cord are caused by [[metastases]] of '''cancers''' from various areas of the body. The most common [[cancers]] are [[Lung cancer|lung]], [[Breast cancer|breast]], [[Prostate cancer|prostate]], [[Kidney cancer|kidney]], [[Thyroid cancer|thyroid]] <ref name="metastázy" /><ref name="metastázy2" />. Extradural metastases represent about all '''95% of spinal metastases''' <ref>{{Citace | |||
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| příjmení1 = Takeuchi | | příjmení1 = Takeuchi | ||
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| doi = 10.4184/asj.2014.8.5.680}}</ref>. | | doi = 10.4184/asj.2014.8.5.680}}</ref>. | ||
The most frequently affected area of extraspinal metastases is the '''thoracic''' and '''lumbar''' segment of the spine - the cervical area is minimally affected <ref name="metastázy" />. | |||
== | ==Intradural tumors== | ||
Intradural spinal tumors are a relatively rare entity in CNS neoplasms, which, however, can result in significant morbidity. <ref name="spinalní">{{Citace | |||
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| příjmení1 = Abul-Kasim | | příjmení1 = Abul-Kasim | ||
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| strany = 301-314 | | strany = 301-314 | ||
| issn = 0028-3940 | | issn = 0028-3940 | ||
| doi = 10.1007/s00234-007-0345-7}}</ref>. | | doi = 10.1007/s00234-007-0345-7}}</ref>. Extramedullary tumors predominate in number, representing approximately 40% of spinal tumors, only 5% of spinal tumors are intramedullary <ref name="springer" />. Mezi intradurálními nádory (především intramedulárními) převažují tumory primární. | ||
Zvláštní entitou intradurálních nádorů jsou tzv. ''dumbbell'' tumory, které nelze zařadit ani do extramedulárních, ani do intramedulárních tumorů, neboť rostou na hranici míchy a zasahují tak do obou těchto oblastí <ref name="springer" />. | Zvláštní entitou intradurálních nádorů jsou tzv. ''dumbbell'' tumory, které nelze zařadit ani do extramedulárních, ani do intramedulárních tumorů, neboť rostou na hranici míchy a zasahují tak do obou těchto oblastí <ref name="springer" />. |
Revision as of 16:28, 20 February 2022
náhled|Klasifikace spinálních nádorů|alt=|400px Spinal tumors represent a range of neoplasms within the CNS. Compared to intracranial tumors, they are less common, accounting for approximately 15% of all CNS tumors [1]. The most common tumors of the spinal cord are secondary tumors - the vast majority are metastases of lung, breast, prostate, kidney and thyroid cancer. [2][3].
Within the treatment modalities, surgery supplemented with radiotherapy and chemotherapy predominates. It is important to solve the problem immediately - although benign tumors usually grow slowly, they can progress rapidly, and despite subsequent decompression, functions may not fully recover.
Classification
Spinal tumors are divided on the basis of:
- localization - extradural and intradural (those further to extramedullary and intramedullary),
- biological nature - malignant and benign,
- origin - primary spinal neoplasia or secondary tumors.
It should be noted that although in this article we classify individual neoplasias into individual groups, often a given tumor does not have to occur in only one. The following classification is therefore based on the most common and common localization for a given tumor.
Classification of primary spinal tumors - only metastases are classified as secondary spinal cord tumors[4]:
EXTRADURAL | INTRADURAL | ||
---|---|---|---|
Benign | Malignant | Extramedullary | Intramedullary |
|
|
|
|
Diagnostics
- MR – primary choice, especially axial and sagittal T1 and T2 images. In practice, DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) and FT (fiber tractography) are already commonly used for more detailed imaging of white matter pathways (their displacements, compression, etc.) due to tumor location. [5][6][7].
- CT – used mainly before MR, nowadays it is definitely not an imaging method of first choice in the field of spinal tumor diagnostics [8]. However, it can be performed as an additional examination, most often in extradural spinal tumors for imaging of calcifications, mineralizations, etc. [9]
- Angiography – additional diagnostic method for imaging eg vascularization in case of hypervascular tumors, embolization, etc. [10]
- RTG – especially in extradural tumors for imaging bone abnormalities.
- PET/CT – indicated especially in patients with intramedullary high-grade tumors to evaluate their malignancy [11].
- Diagnostika: DTI, MRI
- Soubor:DTI-sagittal-fibers.jpg
- Soubor:Ependymoma.png
Extradural tumors
Extradural tumors represent the majority of spinal tumors (55%)[4]. These are mostly secondary tumors.
Primary extradural tumors
Primary extradural tumors are more common CNS neoplasms compared to primary intradural tumors. They mainly represent vertebral tumors causing a diverse spectrum of bone deformities, which result in spinal cord or cauda compression and associated problems. [4]
Benign
náhled|CT – spinální osteoidní osteom
Osteoid osteoma
Iron
Osteoid osteoma is a benign bone tumor that occurs predominantly in children and adolescents. They typically have lucrative nidus (usually 1.5-2 cm in size) and an osteosclerotic margin. Osteoid osteomas of the spine, most often located in the lumbar part, represent approximately 10% of all osteoid osteomas - primarily these tumors occur in the long bones (most often the femur, tibia). [12]
Spinal osteoid osteomas in the vast majority cause painful scoliosis, concavely on the lesion side, vertebral deformities create compression on the spinal cord. The therapy is surgical, or radiofrequency ablation is used. [13][14] náhled|CT – spinální osteoblastom
Osteoblastoma
Iron
Osteoblastoma is also a benign tumor that occurs predominantly in younger patients and is characterized by its local aggressiveness. It is typically significantly vascularized, unlike osteoid osteoma, does not contain an osteosclerotic margin, otherwise they are histologically very similar. Osteoblastoma occurs in spongiosis, usually exceeding the size of 2 cm. [15][16][17]
The incidence of spinal osteoblastomas is approximately 40% of all osteoblastomas, most often occurring in the cervical area, they also cause very painful back pain associated with scoliosis. The procedure of therapy is more or less identical to osteoid osteoma. [18]
Malignant
Osteosarcoma
Iron
This malignant bone tumor typically occurs in younger patients (10-20 years), with up to 75% of these tumors occurring in patients under the age of 20 - bone growth centers are most active at this time. It can also grow secondarily, most often in elderly patients, it is a malignant degeneration of Paget's disease, osteoblastoma, etc. In osteosarcomas, the prevalence is predominant in the femur, tibia, humerus - and less often in the fibula, mandible, maxilla, vertebrae. [19][20]
It most often metastasizes to the lungs, brain, other bones and organs [21]. It can be treated with chemotherapy, surgical resection, and is relatively resistant to radiotherapy.
Chondrosarcoma
Iron
Chondrosarcomas represent approximately 25% of primary bone tumors. Unlike osteosarcomas, they are more common in elderly patients, mostly in men (female: male ratio is 1: 2, in spinal lesions this ratio is up to 1: 4). In most cases, these are malignant primary tumors, but there are also secondary chondrosarcomas that have grown on the basis of initially benign neoplasia, such as osteochondroma.. [22][23]
Within the spine, they most often occur in its thoracic part, although spinal chondrosarcomas represent only 7% of all these tumors. As in the case of osteosarcoma, they most often occur in the long bones. The therapy is primarily surgical, but chemotherapy or radiotherapy may be applied depending on the type and behavior of the tumor. [24][25][26]náhled|MRI – metastáza prsního karcinomu
Secondary extradural tumors
Secondary tumors of the spinal cord are caused by metastases of cancers from various areas of the body. The most common cancers are lung, breast, prostate, kidney, thyroid [2][3]. Extradural metastases represent about all 95% of spinal metastases [27].
The most frequently affected area of extraspinal metastases is the thoracic and lumbar segment of the spine - the cervical area is minimally affected [2].
Intradural tumors
Intradural spinal tumors are a relatively rare entity in CNS neoplasms, which, however, can result in significant morbidity. [28]. Extramedullary tumors predominate in number, representing approximately 40% of spinal tumors, only 5% of spinal tumors are intramedullary [4]. Mezi intradurálními nádory (především intramedulárními) převažují tumory primární.
Zvláštní entitou intradurálních nádorů jsou tzv. dumbbell tumory, které nelze zařadit ani do extramedulárních, ani do intramedulárních tumorů, neboť rostou na hranici míchy a zasahují tak do obou těchto oblastí [4].
Extramedulární | Intramedulární | |
---|---|---|
Děti (%) | 65–70 | 30–35 |
Dospělí (%) | 80 | 20 |
Primární intradurální nádory
Extramedulární nádory
Extramedulární nádory zastupují většinu intradurálních nádorů, ve valné většině se jedná o benigní neoplazie CNS. Primární léčba je ve většině případů chirurgická, dle individuálních dispozic pacienta je možnost aplikování radioterapie nebo chemoterapie. Veškerá symptomatologie související s těmito tumory je závislá na lokalizaci a velikosti neoplazie, primárně dochází ke kompresi míchy nebo kaudy a s tím souvisejícím symptomům. [4] náhled|MRI – spinální meningeom
Meningeom
Iron
V porovnání s intrakraniálními meningeomy se spinální léze nevyskytují tak často (jedná se přibližně o 1,2–12,7 % veškerých meningeomů). Nejčastěji jsou spinální meningeomy diagnostikovány u pacientů mezi 60–80 lety. Rostou pomalu, obvykle jsou solitární, benigní, typická je laterální expanze v rámci subarachnoidálního prostoru, jsou dobře ohraničené, non-invazivní.
Jak v intrakraniálních případech, tak i u spinálních meningeomů je značná pohlavní predominance u žen (2:1 poměr [ženy:muži] u intrakraniálních meningeomů, 4:1 u spinálních). S tím souvisí asociace výskytu meningeomů s karcinomem prsu, také větší pravděpodobnost růstu tumoru v období těhotenství. Obvykle totiž meningeomy obsahují esterogenové a progesteronové receptory. [29][30][31][32]
Nejčastějí lokalizací spinálních meningeomů je thorakální segment páteře, následován cervikální oblastí. Míšní funkce jsou dlouho kompenzovány, ale dekompenzace může proběhnout rychle a může tak dojít k akutnímu zhoršení pacientova stavu (nejčastěji paraplegie). [33][34][35] First definition of ecotoxicology (1969): René Truhaut: the study of the adverse effects of chemicals with the aim of protecting natural species and communities. Rachel Carson (1962): the memoir The Silent Spring highlights the use of pesticides , especially DDT and other agrochemicals. The book led to the establishment of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the USA. Introduction of methods describing the toxic effects of human-produced substances on the environment and the organisms contained therein. Systematic implementation of fish toxicity testing methods. In addition to direct toxic effects, the effects of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation are studied – increases in the concentration of foreign substances in the tissues of organisms as a result of exposure from the environment.
2004 EC ratification: Persistent Organic Pollutants Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution The aim of the protocol is to limit, reduce or eliminate the discharge, emissions and losses of persistent organic pollutants that have significant adverse effects on human health or the environment due to long-range transboundary air transport.
In 2006 , Regulation No. 166/2006 of the European Parliament and the EC Council was issued, establishing the European Register of Releases and Transfers of Pollutants . It represents a publicly accessible database of pollutant releases into the air, water and soil, information on wastewater, information on pollutant releases from dispersed sources.
In 2003 , the proposal for a new framework for legislation covering the safety of chemicals REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) was accepted by the European Commission and approved by the European Parliament . Enterprises and firms that import more than 1 ton of a chemical compound per year will be forced to register this chemical in a central data bank. The aim is to improve the protection of the health of nature, including people, to increase the innovation capacity and the ability of the chemical industry to compete in the European Union. The new measures concern not only new chemical substances introduced to the market, but also substances that have been used for a long time. The program aims to ensure that by 2020 at the latest, only chemical substances with known properties and in a way that does not harm human health and the environment are used. [[Soubor:Nf-1 multiple neurofibromas.jpg|náhled|MRI – neurofibromatóza prvního typu (NF-1) a koincidence multiplicitních spinálních neurofibromů]]
Neurofibrom
Neurofibromy jsou primárně benigní nádory periferního nervového systému, zastupují přibližně o 23 % spinálních tumorů. Neurofibromy jsou nejčastěji asociovány s neurofibromatózou prvního typu (NF-1) – až u 60 % pacientů primárně diagnostikovaných s NF-1 jsou neurofibromy přítomny. Nejčastěji se vyskytují v thorakálním segmentu páteře. [36][37]
Typicky rostou intradurálně extramedulárně, jsou ale zaznamenány výskyty těchto neoplazií i v intramedulární oblasti [38].
Schwannom
Iron
Spinální schwannomy jsou pomalu rostoucí benigní tumory. Nejčastěji se vyskytují u pacientů mezi 25–60 lety. Složené jsou z poměrně dobře diferencovaných Schwannových buněk, charakteristicky tedy vyrůstají z dorzálních kořenů vzhledem k jejich vývoji z buněk kořenů senzorických nervů. Nejčastěji se objevují v thorakální a cervikální části míchy, ačkoliv mohou vyrůstat i v ostatních míšních oblastech. [39][40]
Majoritně se vyskytují solitárně, převážně sporadicky, ačkoliv se mohou diagnostikovat i mnohočetné schwannomy, jež jsou nejčastěji asociovány s neurofibromatózou druhého typu (NF-2), popř. se schwannomatózou [41][42][43][44].First definition of ecotoxicology (1969): René Truhaut: the study of the adverse effects of chemicals with the aim of protecting natural species and communities. Rachel Carson (1962): the memoir The Silent Spring highlights the use of pesticides , especially DDT and other agrochemicals. The book led to the establishment of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the USA. Introduction of methods describing the toxic effects of human-produced substances on the environment and the organisms contained therein. Systematic implementation of fish toxicity testing methods. In addition to direct toxic effects, the effects of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation are studied – increases in the concentration of foreign substances in the tissues of organisms as a result of exposure from the environment.
2004 EC ratification: Persistent Organic Pollutants Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution The aim of the protocol is to limit, reduce or eliminate the discharge, emissions and losses of persistent organic pollutants that have significant adverse effects on human health or the environment due to long-range transboundary air transport.
In 2006 , Regulation No. 166/2006 of the European Parliament and the EC Council was issued, establishing the European Register of Releases and Transfers of Pollutants . It represents a publicly accessible database of pollutant releases into the air, water and soil, information on wastewater, information on pollutant releases from dispersed sources.
In 2003 , the proposal for a new framework for legislation covering the safety of chemicals REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) was accepted by the European Commission and approved by the European Parliament . Enterprises and firms that import more than 1 ton of a chemical compound per year will be forced to register this chemical in a central data bank. The aim is to improve the protection of the health of nature, including people, to increase the innovation capacity and the ability of the chemical industry to compete in the European Union. The new measures concern not only new chemical substances introduced to the market, but also substances that have been used for a long time. The program aims to ensure that by 2020 at the latest, only chemical substances with known properties and in a way that does not harm human health and the environment are used.
- MRI – spinální schwannomy
- Soubor:Axial schwannoma.jpg
- Soubor:Cervical schwannoma.jpg
- Soubor:Intradural schwannoma.jpg
Intramedulární nádory
Výskyt intramedulárních nádorů jse poměrně ojedinělý, zato je jejich léčba často velmi náročná. Přibližně 90 % veškerých intramedulárních spinálních nádorů zastupují gliální tumory, z nichž nejčastěji jsou to ependymomy (60 %) a astrocytomy (30 %). Třetí místo zastupují hemangioblastomy. Primárně jsou tyto neoplazie léčeny chirurgicky, často ale není možnost provedení kompletní resekce vzhledem k eloquentní lokalizaci a velikostem tumorů. Obvykle dochází k doplnění chirurgie i radiochirurgií/chemoterapií. [4][28] náhled|MRI – spinální myxopapilární ependymom
Ependymom
Iron
Výskyt míšních ependymomů je častější u dospělých pacientů (typicky mezi 35–45 lety) a zastupují většinu (60 %) všech primárních intramedulárních nádorů [4][45][46]. Existuje jak benigní, semimaligní, tak maligní forma [47]. Nejčastěji jsou spinální ependymomy lokalizovány v thorakálním segmentu míchy, ačkoliv se mohou vyskytovat po její celé délce [4].
Jedinou efektivní léčbou ependymomů je v současné době co nejradikálnější chirurgická resekce, popř. doplněná radiochirurgickou léčbou dle typu tumoru. First definition of ecotoxicology (1969): René Truhaut: the study of the adverse effects of chemicals with the aim of protecting natural species and communities. Rachel Carson (1962): the memoir The Silent Spring highlights the use of pesticides , especially DDT and other agrochemicals. The book led to the establishment of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the USA. Introduction of methods describing the toxic effects of human-produced substances on the environment and the organisms contained therein. Systematic implementation of fish toxicity testing methods. In addition to direct toxic effects, the effects of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation are studied – increases in the concentration of foreign substances in the tissues of organisms as a result of exposure from the environment.
2004 EC ratification: Persistent Organic Pollutants Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution The aim of the protocol is to limit, reduce or eliminate the discharge, emissions and losses of persistent organic pollutants that have significant adverse effects on human health or the environment due to long-range transboundary air transport.
In 2006 , Regulation No. 166/2006 of the European Parliament and the EC Council was issued, establishing the European Register of Releases and Transfers of Pollutants . It represents a publicly accessible database of pollutant releases into the air, water and soil, information on wastewater, information on pollutant releases from dispersed sources.
In 2003 , the proposal for a new framework for legislation covering the safety of chemicals REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) was accepted by the European Commission and approved by the European Parliament . Enterprises and firms that import more than 1 ton of a chemical compound per year will be forced to register this chemical in a central data bank. The aim is to improve the protection of the health of nature, including people, to increase the innovation capacity and the ability of the chemical industry to compete in the European Union. The new measures concern not only new chemical substances introduced to the market, but also substances that have been used for a long time. The program aims to ensure that by 2020 at the latest, only chemical substances with known properties and in a way that does not harm human health and the environment are used.
náhled|MRI – spinální astrocytom (oblast T10)
Astrocytom
Iron
Spinální astrocytomy zastupují nejčastější intramedulární tumor u dětí, u dospělých pacientů zastupují druhou pozici (hned po ependymomech). Značí se variabilitou v jejich biologické povaze.
Obecně převažuje výskyt low-grade astrocytomů (WHO grade I a II), jedná se o 75–90 % veškerých intramedulárních astrocytomů. Jsou to pomalu rostoucí benigní nádory, které se ale mohou vývojem zvrhávat do malignějších podob. High-grade astrocytomy (WHO grade III a IV) se nevyskytují tak často, za to jsou ale vysoce maligní a prognóza pacientů s těmito tumory není dobrá. [48][49]
Jako v případě ependymomů, i u astrocytomů se řídíme co možná nejradikálnější chirurgickou resekcí. Výsledek chirurgické intervence společně s daným typem tumoru fundamentálně ovlivňuje postoperativní prognózu pacienta. U dospělých pacientů je prognóza v porovnání s dětmi lepší. [50][51][52][53][50][54]
Hemangioblastom
Hemangioblastomy jsou histologicky benigní neoplazie CNS, dle WHO klasifikovány jako WHO grade I. Nejčastěji se jedná o sporadické tumory, v některých případech je ale přítomna koincidence von Hippel-Lindau syndromu (ze všech pacientů diagnostikovaných s hemangioblastomem je to přibližně 10–40 % [55]) – v tomto případě jsou u pacientů přítomny multiplicitní hemangioblastomy rozprostřené po CNS. Mícha je druhou nejčastější lokalizací tohoto tumoru hned po fossa posterior. [56][57][58]
Ačkoliv se procentuálně jedná o poměrně vzácný spinální tumor (2–6 % veškerých spinálních tumorů), v rámci intramedulárních nádorů je po ependymomech a astrocytomech třetí nejčastější neoplazií [59][60]. Iron
- Spinální hemangioblastomy a von Hippel-Lindau syndrom
- Soubor:Spinal hemangioblastomas.jpg
- Soubor:Hippel Lindau.gif
náhled|300x300bod|MRI – kombinovaná extra- intradurální metastáza prsního karcinomu|alt=
Sekundární intradurální nádory
Sekundárních intradurálních tumorů je v porovnání s primárními intradurálními nádory méně. Opět se i jako v případě sekundárních extradurálních tumorů jedná o metastázy, ačkoliv jejich výskyt je minimální [4][61]. Intradurální metastázy zastupují pouze přibližně 5 % spinálních metastáz, z nichž pouze 2 % se vyskytují intramedulárně [62][63].
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Reference
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