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- 11:17, 6 April 2025 Molecular basis of immunoglobulin diversity of primary and secondary antibody response, somatic recombination, isotype skipping. (hist | edit) [1,440 bytes] Angielin Varkey (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Antibodies are an important line of defense against pathogen that invade our bodies. However, their function is reliant on their ability to recognize the antigen and their ability to bind to an antibody facilitates an immune cascade that leads to neutralization of the threat to our body == Molecular basis of immunoglobulin diversity of primary and secondary antibody response<ref>Alberts, B. (1970) ''The generation of antibody diversity'', ''Molecular Biology of the Cel...") Tag: Visual edit
- 23:59, 5 April 2025 Ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta (course, syntopy, branches) (hist | edit) [2,449 bytes] Sp0505 (talk | contribs) (Created page with "The aorta is the artery coming out of the left ventricle carrying oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. The parts include ascending aorta, aortic arch, and the descending part which become thoracic aorta and abdominal part in their respective regions. '''ASCENDING AORTA''' The ascending aorta is about 5 to 8 centimeters (or close to 2 to 3 inches) long. Branches rising out of the ascending aorta include the left and right coronary arteries coming of the the left and...")
- 15:37, 5 April 2025 Internal jugular vein - course and tributaries (hist | edit) [2,554 bytes] Reem (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<ref>'''Paulsen, F., Waschke, J.''' (Eds.). (2018). ''Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy: Head, Neck and Neuroanatomy'' (Vol. 3, 16th English ed.). Elsevier.</ref>The '''Internal Jugular Vein''' is the main venous drainage of the brain, face, and neck. ---- === '''1. Origin and Course''' === * '''Origin''': Begins at the '''jugular foramen''' in the posterior cranial fossa as the continuation of the '''sigmoid sinus'''. * '''Location''': Descends within the '''carotid shea...") Tag: Visual edit
- 15:28, 5 April 2025 Transport of substances across membranes (hist | edit) [3,723 bytes] Reem (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<ref>'''Nelson, D. L., Cox, M. M. (2008).''' ''Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry'' (5th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company.</ref>The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing certain substances to pass while restricting others. Transport mechanisms are classified as '''passive''' (no energy required) or '''active''' (requires energy), depending on whether they move substances along or against a concentration gradient. ---- === '''I. Passive Transport''' === '''Def...") Tag: Visual edit
- 15:21, 5 April 2025 Structure, composition and properties of cell membranes (hist | edit) [6,376 bytes] Reem (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Structure, Composition, and Properties of Cell Membranes Cell Membranes (Plasma Membrane): The cell membrane is the outermost boundary of the cell and separates the internal components from the external environment. It is selectively permeable and regulates the passage of materials in and out of the cell. 1. Structure of the Cell Membrane The cell membrane is primarily composed of: Phospholipid Bilayer: The fundamental structure of the membrane is the phospholipid bila...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 00:23, 5 April 2025 DNA sequencing techniques (Sanger, NGS, human genome sequencing) (hist | edit) [5,436 bytes] 86.49.246.242 (talk) (Created page with "== Introduction == DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) within a DNA molecule. It has revolutionized modern biology and medicine, enabling groundbreaking advances in genomics, diagnostics, and personalized medicine. This article explores the main sequencing techniques— ''Sanger sequencing, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), and their roles in Human Genome Sequencing.'' File:History of s...") Tag: Visual edit
- 15:37, 4 April 2025 Molecular basis of cellular immunity (hist | edit) [3,224 bytes] Malikmay (talk | contribs) (Ive written the article) Tag: Visual edit
- 15:09, 4 April 2025 Types and role of second messengers in signal transduction (hist | edit) [4,781 bytes] 86.49.246.242 (talk) (Created page with "== Introduction == Signal transduction is a fundamental process in cell communication, allowing cells to respond to external stimuli through a series of biochemical reactions. One of the key elements in this process is the use of '''second messengers''', small intracellular molecules that relay signals from cell surface receptors to target molecules inside the cell. Second messengers play a crucial role in amplifying and integrating signals, leading to appropriate cellul...") Tag: Visual edit
- 11:48, 4 April 2025 Types of membrane receptors, their ligands , biological significance and examples (hist | edit) [4,755 bytes] 86.49.246.242 (talk) (Created page with "== Membrane receptors == ''Membrane receptors'' are integral proteins embedded in the cell membrane that facilitate communication between the extracellular environment and the cell's interior. They play a crucial role in various physiological processes by binding specific molecules, known as ligands, leading to cellular responses. The primary types of membrane receptors include: * '''Ligand-gated ion channels''' * '''G protein-coupled receptors''' * '''Receptor kina...") Tag: Visual edit
- 22:47, 3 April 2025 Markers of muscle tissue damage, significance and determination (hist | edit) [8,129 bytes] Sevar Ismailova (talk | contribs) (Original text was from Wikiscripta : Biochemická vyšetření u akutního infarktu myokardu (https://www.wikiskripta.eu/w/Biochemick%C3%A1_vy%C5%A1et%C5%99en%C3%AD_u_akutn%C3%ADho_infarktu_myokardu)) Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 22:20, 3 April 2025 Biochemistry of skin (barrier function, vitamin D, cytokeratins, intercellular junctions, melanin biosynthesis) (hist | edit) [7,648 bytes] 86.49.246.242 (talk) (Created page with "{{Under construction}} == Introduction == ''The skin'', as the largest organ of the human body, serves crucial roles in protection, sensory perception, thermoregulation, and biochemical synthesis. Understanding its biochemical components helps in elucidating dermatological disorders and improving therapeutic approaches. This article explores the skin's barrier function, vitamin D metabolism, cytokeratins, intercellular junctions, and melanin biosynthesis. Skin is strate...") Tag: Visual edit
- 20:48, 3 April 2025 Organization of prokaryotic, eukaryotic and mitochondrial genome (hist | edit) [2,673 bytes] Malikmay (talk | contribs) (Ive written the article) Tag: Visual edit
- 18:44, 3 April 2025 Structure and function of individual parts of immunoglobulins. Classes of immunoglobulins, properties and functions. Monoclonal antibodies - preparation, use. (hist | edit) [9,533 bytes] Angielin Varkey (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Immunoglobulins are class of proteins produced by B cells and plasma cells. They serve as line of defense against pathogens that invade our body. <ref>''NCI Dictionary of Cancer terms'' (no date) ''Comprehensive Cancer Information - NCI''. Available at: <nowiki>https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/immunoglobulin</nowiki> (Accessed: 03 April 2025). </ref> The components of Immunoglobulins are two small polypeptide chains and two large polype...") Tag: Visual edit
- 11:56, 3 April 2025 Methods of cell fractionation, electrophoresis of nucleic acids and proteins. (hist | edit) [4,856 bytes] Yasir AL-Bayati (talk | contribs) (Created page with "__NOTOC__ Understanding the structure and function of cells and biomolecules often requires isolating specific cellular components or analyzing nucleic acids and proteins. Two essential laboratory techniques used for these purposes are **cell fractionation** and **electrophoresis**. == Cell fractionation == '''Cell fractionation''' is the process of breaking open cells and separating their components based on size, density, and other physical properties. It al...")
- 11:54, 3 April 2025 MRNA structure, post-transcriptional modifications (cap, poly A, splicing). (hist | edit) [4,403 bytes] Yasir AL-Bayati (talk | contribs) (Created page with "__NOTOC__ '''Messenger RNA (mRNA)''' is a type of RNA that serves as the intermediate template between DNA and protein synthesis. It carries genetic information transcribed from genes and is translated by ribosomes into a specific amino acid sequence. In eukaryotes, primary mRNA (pre-mRNA) undergoes several essential **post-transcriptional modifications** before becoming a mature, translatable molecule. == Structure of mRNA == A typical eukaryotic mature m...")
- 11:52, 3 April 2025 DNA repair - BER, NER, MMR, direct repair of modified bases. (hist | edit) [5,102 bytes] Yasir AL-Bayati (talk | contribs) (Created page with "__NOTOC__ '''DNA repair''' is a vital set of processes by which cells identify and correct damage to the DNA molecules that encode their genomes. Every day, cells are exposed to endogenous and exogenous agents (e.g., reactive oxygen species, UV light, radiation) that damage DNA. Without repair, this damage can lead to mutations, genomic instability, cancer, or cell death. To maintain genomic integrity, cells employ various repair pathways, including **base excision rep...")
- 11:28, 3 April 2025 Classification of human genomic DNA according to repetitiveness and function, pseudogenes, transposons. (hist | edit) [5,423 bytes] Yasir AL-Bayati (talk | contribs) (Created page with "NOTOC_ The human genome is a complex and diverse structure composed of different classes of DNA sequences, which vary significantly in terms of *function, **repetitiveness, and **evolutionary origin*. While only a small fraction of genomic DNA directly encodes proteins, the rest contributes to regulation, structural organization, and evolutionary potential. Some sequences, like pseudogenes and transposons, are remnants of evolutionary history with varying de...")
- 11:25, 3 April 2025 Proteolysis-dependent signaling pathways, examples. HIF signaling role in response to hypoxia. (hist | edit) [6,165 bytes] Yasir AL-Bayati (talk | contribs) (Created page with "__NOTOC__ '''Proteolysis-dependent signaling pathways''' are unique cellular mechanisms in which specific signals are transmitted through the targeted cleavage of proteins. Unlike phosphorylation-based signaling, which relies on reversible modifications, proteolytic signaling often involves irreversible activation or degradation of proteins. This form of regulation is crucial in processes such as cell differentiation, apoptosis, immune responses, and adaptation to envir...")
- 11:21, 3 April 2025 Mechanism and significance of reversible phosphorylation in signal transduction. (hist | edit) [6,126 bytes] Yasir AL-Bayati (talk | contribs) (Created page with "__NOTOC__ '''Reversible phosphorylation''' is one of the most critical regulatory mechanisms in eukaryotic cells. It refers to the addition (phosphorylation) and removal (dephosphorylation) of phosphate groups on proteins, catalyzed by protein kinases and protein phosphatases, respectively. This post-translational modification functions as a molecular switch in numerous biological processes, particularly in signal transduction pathways. It enables cells to...")
- 11:17, 3 April 2025 G-proteins - structure, activation, function. (hist | edit) [6,328 bytes] Yasir AL-Bayati (talk | contribs) (Created page with "__NOTOC__ '''G-proteins''', or guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of molecular switches that play an essential role in transducing extracellular signals into intracellular responses. They are involved in various physiological processes including vision, olfaction, neurotransmission, metabolism, and hormone signaling. G-proteins act as key intermediaries in signaling pathways initiated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest...")
- 11:14, 3 April 2025 Thyroid hormones and their function in regulatory processes. (hist | edit) [4,129 bytes] 78.128.180.64 (talk) (Created page with "__NOTOC__ '''Reversible phosphorylation''' is one of the most important post-translational modifications in cellular biology. It plays a crucial role in signal transduction pathways by regulating protein activity, localization, and interactions. Through the dynamic addition and removal of phosphate groups, cells can respond rapidly and precisely to internal and external stimuli. == Mechanism == The process of reversible phosphorylation is carrie...")
- 20:33, 2 April 2025 Polymerase chain reaction, application of PCR in clinical diagnostics, RT-PCR and use of this technique. (hist | edit) [5,198 bytes] Angielin Varkey (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Polymerase chain reaction") Tag: Visual edit
- 22:13, 1 April 2025 Biochemistry of apoptosis, examples of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes/proteins. Caspases. Role of mitochondria in cell death. (hist | edit) [5,101 bytes] 78.128.191.221 (talk) (Created page with "Apoptosis is recognized as a pathway for cell death. The name apoptosis was attributed to the process due its appearance as the cell breaks into fragments. Unlike its counterpart, Apoptosis is well known for its inability to elicit an inflammatory response, which one of the many ways it differs from necrosis. == Causes of apoptosis == often tied to the purpose apoptosis serves in the body, thus when reviewing apoptosis one may consider classifying them into two catego...") Tag: Visual edit
- 15:32, 31 March 2025 Metabolism of Adipose Tissue (hist | edit) [2,683 bytes] Gilli brenner (talk | contribs) (new) Tag: Visual edit
- 15:30, 31 March 2025 Mechanism of Action of Hormones Regulating Water and Mineral Metabolism (hist | edit) [3,276 bytes] Gilli brenner (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Mechanism of Action of Hormones Regulating Water and Mineral Metabolism = Introduction = Water and mineral metabolism is tightly regulated to maintain extracellular fluid volume, osmolarity, and electrolyte balance. Several hormones coordinate renal, cardiovascular, and endocrine responses to achieve homeostasis. Key hormones involved in this regulation include antidiuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and parathyroid hormone (PTH). = A...") Tag: Visual edit
- 15:27, 31 March 2025 Hormonal Regulation of Energy Metabolism (hist | edit) [3,599 bytes] Gilli brenner (talk | contribs) (new) Tag: Visual edit
- 15:24, 31 March 2025 Glycaemia: Regulation and Diagnosis (OGTT, Glycated Haemoglobin) (hist | edit) [2,885 bytes] Gilli brenner (talk | contribs) (new) Tag: Visual edit
- 15:22, 31 March 2025 Biochemical Interrelationships of Carbohydrate and Other Nutrient Metabolism (hist | edit) [3,002 bytes] Gilli brenner (talk | contribs) (new page) Tag: Visual edit
- 16:32, 24 March 2025 Heart location and projection, X-ray, auscultation heart points (hist | edit) [3,571 bytes] Shaked.Fru (talk | contribs) (I created the article) Tag: Visual edit
- 16:24, 24 March 2025 Conducting system of the heart- structure and function (hist | edit) [3,197 bytes] Shaked.Fru (talk | contribs) (Created a new article) Tag: Visual edit
- 16:16, 24 March 2025 Endocardium, Cardiac Valves - Structure and Function, Auscultation Heart Points, Cardiac Skeleton (hist | edit) [3,945 bytes] Shaked.Fru (talk | contribs) (Created the article) Tag: Visual edit
- 16:06, 24 March 2025 Cardiac wall arrangement, cardiac skeleton, chambers (hist | edit) [3,633 bytes] Shaked.Fru (talk | contribs) (I created the document regarding the Cardiac wall arrangement, cardiac skeleton, chambers) Tag: Visual edit
- 13:00, 24 March 2025 Heart development and its common birth defects (hist | edit) [4,509 bytes] Shaked.Fru (talk | contribs) (I created the document regarding heart development and its common birth defects.) Tag: Visual edit
- 19:34, 20 March 2025 Fibrin, Fibrinolysis, and the Mechanism of Action of Anticoagulants (hist | edit) [3,660 bytes] Reem (talk | contribs) (Created page with " === '''I. Fibrin''' === Fibrin is an insoluble protein that plays a key role in blood clot formation (coagulation). It is derived from fibrinogen, a soluble plasma protein, through the action of thrombin. ==== '''1. Formation of Fibrin''' ==== * '''Conversion of Fibrinogen to Fibrin:''' ** Thrombin (Factor IIa) converts fibrinogen into fibrin monomers. ** These monomers polymerize to form a fibrin network. * '''Stabilization of Fibrin Clot:''' ** Factor XIIIa (fibrin-...") Tag: Visual edit
- 19:26, 20 March 2025 Skin and motor innervation of head and neck (hist | edit) [3,525 bytes] Reem (talk | contribs) (Created page with " he skin of the head and neck is innervated by branches of the '''trigeminal nerve (CN V)''' and '''cervical spinal nerves'''. ==== '''1. Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)''' ==== The trigeminal nerve provides sensory innervation to the face and has three major divisions: * '''Ophthalmic nerve (V1)''' – Supplies the forehead, scalp, upper eyelid, and dorsum of the nose. * '''Maxillary nerve (V2)''' – Supplies the lateral nose, upper lip, lower eyelid, cheek, and upper jaw. *...") Tag: Visual edit
