Paraneoplastic syndrome
PTHrp:
The term paraneoplastic syndrome refers to the clinical manifestations of a tumor that are conditioned by its presence, but manifest in a tissue in which the tumor is not present.
Ectopic hormone production[edit | edit source]
Tumors may exhibit the production of hormones, or functionally and structurally similar agents, even though they did not arise in tissue with physiological hormonal activity.
- Erythropoietin – its source can be tumors of the kidneys and liver, the manifestations then result from the physiological effect of erythropoietin: polycythemia
- Serotonin – produced by GIT tumors formed by the precursors of mucosal neuroendocrine cells. Serotonin has a vasoconstrictive effect and can cause hypertension. In some cases, it causes carcinoid syndrome in patients with intestinal carcinoid (fibrous thickening of the right heart valves, asthma, diarrhea and paroxysmal erythema of the face and neck (so-called flush)).
- ACTH – typically the source is small-cell (oat-cell) lung cancer, or thymic cancer. It causes paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome (facial-type obesity, moon face, stretch marks, hypertension, hyperglycemia, virilization in women and amenorrhea).
- PTHrP – a parathyroid related peptide, also produced by small-cell lung cancer. It causes hypercalcemia.
Cachexia as a part of paraneoplastic syndrome[edit | edit source]
Cachexia occurs in up to half of patients with cancer. In addition to visible weight loss and muscle weakness, it is also manifested by a weakening of immune reactions and anorexia.
The pathogenesis of tumor cachexia is not yet exactly known. The possibility of initiating gluconeogenesis by the tumor due to its increased glucose utilization, which leads to the breakdown of proteins and lipids to form glucose, is being considered. The condition cannot be affected by the administration of nutrients and vitamins. Many cytokines are probably involved in the whole process. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ are of great importance.
other manifestations of tumors[edit | edit source]
- Pathological bone fractures
- Thrombosis and embolism
- Anemia
- Bleeding diathesis
- Pain
- DIC
References[edit | edit source]
Related articles[edit | edit source]
Sources[edit | edit source]
- NEČAS, Emanuel. Obecná patologická fyziologie. 3. vydání. Praha : Karolinum, 2009. ISBN 978-80-246-1688-9.
- POVÝŠIL, Ctibor, Ivo ŠTEINER a Pavel DUŠEK, et al. Speciální patologie. 2. vydání. Praha : Galén, 2007. 430 s. ISBN 978-807262-494-2.
- POVÝŠIL, Ctibor a Ivo ŠTEINER, et al. Obecná patologie. 1. vydání. Praha : Galén, 2011. 290 s. ISBN 978-80-7262-773-8.
PTHrp:
↵The term paraneoplastic syndrome refers to the clinical manifestations of a tumor
that are conditioned by its presence, but manifest in a tissue in which the tumor is not present.
Small-cell (oat-cell) lung cancer – cytology
Ectopic hormone production
Tumors may exhibit the production of hormones
, or functionally and structurally similar agents, even though they did not arise in tissue with physiological hormonal activity.
Erythropoietin
– its source can be
tumors of the kidneys
and
liver
, the manifestations then result from the physiological effect of erythropoietin:
polycythemia
Serotonin
– produced by GIT tumors formed by the precursors of mucosal neuroendocrine cells. Serotonin has a vasoconstrictive effect and can cause
hypertension
. In some cases, it causes carcinoid syndrome in patients with intestinal
carcinoid
(fibrous thickening of the right heart valves,
asthma
,
diarrhea
and paroxysmal erythema of the face and neck (so-called flush)).
ACTH
– typically the source is small-cell (oat-cell) lung cancer, or thymic cancer. It causes paraneoplastic
Cushing's syndrome
(facial-type obesity, moon face, stretch marks, hypertension, hyperglycemia, virilization in women and
amenorrhea
).
PTHrP – a parathyroid related peptide, also produced by small-cell lung cancer. It causes
hypercalcemia
.
Cachexia as a part of paraneoplastic syndrome
Cachexia occurs in up to half of patients with cancer. In addition to visible weight loss and muscle weakness, it is also manifested by a weakening of immune reactions and anorexia.
The pathogenesis of tumor cachexia is not yet exactly known. The possibility of initiating gluconeogenesis
by the tumor due to its increased glucose utilization, which leads to the breakdown of
proteins
and
lipids
to form
glucose
, is being considered. The condition cannot be affected by the administration of nutrients and
vitamins
. Many
cytokines
are probably involved in the whole process. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ are of great importance.
other manifestations of tumors
Pathological bone fractures
Thrombosis
and
embolism
References
Related articles
Sources
NEČAS, Emanuel. Obecná patologická fyziologie. 3. vydání. Praha : Karolinum, 2009. ISBN 978-80-246-1688-9.
POVÝŠIL, Ctibor, Ivo ŠTEINER a Pavel DUŠEK, et al. Speciální patologie. 2. vydání. Praha : Galén, 2007. 430 s. ISBN 978-807262-494-2.
POVÝŠIL, Ctibor a Ivo ŠTEINER, et al. Obecná patologie. 1. vydání. Praha : Galén, 2011. 290 s. ISBN 978-80-7262-773-8.
