Examination and important pathological changes in the eye area

Eye area[edit | edit source]

Eyebrows[edit | edit source]

Denser in women – virilism,
thinning – myxedema, thallium poisoning.

Caps[edit | edit source]

Infiltration – myxedema, kidney disease,
spots – Addison's disease and Basedow's disease,
xanthelasma palpebrarum – yellow spots on the upper eyelids in biliary cirrhosis.

Physiologically, they are in the middle position. We examine the mobility of the bulbs with the patient's head fixed, we have a finger about 1 m from his eyes and we move with him horizontally and vertically.

Exophthalmus - ventricular appearance of the bulbs and widening of the eye slit, bilateral and symmetrical; in thyrotoxicosis – other manifestations:
- Moebi's symptom – when viewed close to the bulbs, they diverge due to muscle weakness.
- von Graefe's sign – the lid does not follow the bulbus during craniocaudal movement – a white crescent appears.
- Stellwag's symptom – sparse blinking.
endophtalmus – bulb invasion – rarer, part of Horner's Triassic along with miosis and eyelid ptosis,
strabismus – weakening of the eye muscles,
nystagmus – rapid eye movements.

Conjunctivae[edit | edit source]

Pale – in anemia,
hemorrhages – in bleeding conditions,
hyperemic – inflammation,
xerophthalmia – dry eyes – vitamin A deficiency.

Sclera[edit | edit source]

Yellowish to yellow – jaundice, subicterus,
blue – osteogenesis imperfecta,
brown spots:
- physiologically – melanin in blacks,
- pathologically – homogentisic acid in alkaptonuria.

Cornea[edit | edit source]

Arcus corneae senilis – white-gray circle,
- signs of atherosclerosis in the elderly,
- sign of hyperlipidemia in people under 40,
Kayser-Fleischer green-brown ring – contains Cu – Wilson's disease.