Amphetamines
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- Ice, Krystal, Speed
- Methamphetamine, meth.
- Amphetamine (illegal in Poland, Germany)
- drugs: Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phentermine, phenmetrazine, methylphenidate[1]
Pharmacology[edit | edit source]
- Mechanism of action – structural similarity to dopamine – phenylalkylamines
- Indirect sympathomimetics - noradrenaline- like effects
- Amphetamines release or replace neurotransmitters on the nerve endings
- Amphetamines - agonists of dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin
Abuse[edit | edit source]
- Salts (HCl) – p.o., sniffing, i.v.
- Base – inhalation, smoking
- Usual daily doses 2–100 mg
- Repeated doses in chronic conditions, whiplash, up to 5 g/day
- Symptoms
- euphoria, increased performance (doping)
- risky behavior, spurts of thought at the expense of accuracy, impaired judgement
- aggressiveness, irritability, psychological lability, anxiety
- hypertension , anorexia nervosa – suppression of the feeling of hunger
- Duration of stimulation: 2–4 hours
- Overdose: restlessness, inability to concentrate, hallucinations, convulsions
Chronic abuse[edit | edit source]
- weight loss
- damage to the cardiovascular system, development of hypertension, cerebral hemorrhage
- psychoses, punishments , depression , suicidal tendencies
- the development of psychological dependence
- development of tolerance
Enantiomer selectivity[edit | edit source]
- Catecholamines ( dopamine , ...) and amphetamines - asymmetric atom C*
- Number of asymmetries – number of enantiomers
- Endogenous adrenaline and noradrenaline are levorotatory and have higher affinity for receptors and transport proteins than dextrorotatory enantiomers
- Amphetamine acts as an indirect sympathomimetic. It has one asymmetric carbon. The dextrorotatory enantiomer (dextroamphetamine) has about 4 times stronger CNS stimulatory effects than the levorotatory isomer
- Ephedrine contains contains 2 centers of asymmetry and therefore has 4 possible optical isomers:
=== Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine ===
- The plant Ephedra vulgaris – a thousand-year tradition of use in China
- Ephedrine is found in a number of plants
- Synthetic ephedrine, pseudoephedrine
- Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine components of composite medicinal products:
- broncholytics
- antitussive
- antipyretics
- analgesics (NUROFEN)
- venopharmaceuticals
- anorexic (norpseudoephedrine)
- Ephedrine – direct and indirect sympathomimetic
- Psychostimulant chronic effect - addiction
- Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine – precursors of the illegal synthesis of methamphetamine
KHAT[edit | edit source]
- The leaves of the Catha edulis plant are chewed - Arabia
- They contain cathinone and nor-pseudoephedrine
- Cathinone is metabolized to norephedrine[1]
MDMA, XTC, ECTASY[edit | edit source]
- 3,4-methylendioxymethamfetamin
- MDMA and similar derivatives – entactogens, stimulants
- en (Greek) – inside
- tactus (Latin) – touch
- gen (Greek) – to produce
- MDMA – pleasant empathetic feelings, penicillin of the soul
Pharmacology[edit | edit source]
- MDMA – a serotonin agonist
- Sympathomimetic reaction ( hyperthermia , hyperactivity, salivation, mydriasis ))
- Massive release of serotonin from nerve endings into the synapse - decrease in nerve endings - increase in extracellular serotonergic activity, non-specific stimulation of receptors in the CNS - serotonin syndrome
- MDMA also releases dopamine (cytotoxic) which replaces serotonin in nerve endings – cell damage triggers unwanted biochemical reactions – neurotoxicity of MDMA
- Repeated use – sensitization, allergy
- prolongation and intensification of serotonergic syndrome
- increasing the toxicity of further doses
Abusus[edit | edit source]
- Tablets po – different logos, shapes, sizes, colors, unknown content
- Effective single doses of 50-200 mg
- Pleasant desirable symptoms: empathy, stimulation (dance drug)
- Side unpleasant symptoms:
- dry mouth
- trismus (difficulty opening the mouth)
- perspiration
- fainting
Chronic abuse[edit | edit source]
- depression
- insomnia
- psychosis
- psychological dependence
- tolerance
* development of sensitization ( allergy )
Health complications[edit | edit source]
- tachycardia , arrhythmia , cardiac collapse
- serotonin syndrome – sweating, tremors, hyperthermia , rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation ( DIC ) – death
- dehydration, hyponatremia , circulatory failure
- liver failure (rare)
- in chronic patients – cognitive disorders, psychoses, hypertension, vascular events
Risk factors[edit | edit source]
- unknown contents of illegal tablets, drug cocktails, ethanol
- individual state of health, receptivity
Ecstasy tablets[edit | edit source]
- Tablets po – different logos, shapes, sizes, colors, unknown content
- Dance drugs, New Synthetic Drugs (NSDs), "Designer drugs"
- Expected Effect – Stimulant and Psychedelic (Empathy)
- Psychedelics – natural hallucinogens (mescaline, DMT, etc.)
- MDMA, a controlled psychotropic substance
NSD - small change in structure - other pharmacological action - dangerous !!![1]
Linkes[edit | edit source]
Related articles[edit | edit source]
- Substance Abuse • Drug Addiction and Illicit Production and Possession of Narcotic Substances • Opioid Abuse
- Amphetamines • Cocaine • Cannabinoids • Hallucinogens • LSD • Psychotropic drugs • Barbiturates • Benzodiazepines • Ethanol
- Cannabinoid use disorders • Opioid use disorders